Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Religion

Words of Jesus from the Cross

Jesus' Teachings and Final Moments

1. Forgiveness (Luke 23:34)

Even in agony, Jesus' focus remained on others. He prayed, "Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing." This reveals his unconditional, divine love.

2. Promise of Paradise (Luke 23:43)

To a believing criminal crucified beside him, Jesus offered grace and eternal salvation: "I tell you the truth, today you will be with me in paradise."

3. Care for His Mother (John 19:26-27)

Demonstrating his humanity, Jesus entrusted the care of his mother to John, saying, "Dear woman, here is your son," and to John, "Here is your mother."

4. Cry of Anguish (Matthew 27:46, Mark 15:34)

In his darkest hour, Jesus cried out, "Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani?" meaning,... Continue reading "Seven Last Words of Jesus on the Cross: Meaning and Significance" »

Cognitive Conditions

The four cognitive activities of the soul. The first two (conjecture and belief) lead to opinion, resulting from the knowledge of sensible beings. The other two (intelligence and discursive thought) lead to science, true knowledge because it is the fruit of the knowledge of intelligible beings.

Soul

That which essentially defines man. Its nature is that of a living body. It has a tripartite nature: rational soul, irascible soul, and concupiscible soul.

Analogy

A relation of similarity among distinct things. Reasoning based on analogy consists of attributing similar attributes to different things.

Arts (Mathematical)

The components that make up the distinct branches of mathematics. Two are cited: Geometry and Arithmetic. A consequence... Continue reading "Key Philosophical Concepts" »

Ética Formal de Kant vs. Éticas Materiales

Kant llama heterónomas a las éticas pre-kantianas. Las éticas materiales atienden a los bienes y son criticadas por ser heterónomas. En ellas, la razón no sería autónoma, sino heterónoma, y los deberes morales solo se considerarían como aquello que nos ayuda a alcanzar un fin ya dado. Según Kant, las personas tenemos una conciencia moral que nos imponemos a nosotros mismos.

La Conciencia Moral y los Imperativos

La conciencia moral se manifiesta en imperativos. El imperativo categórico nos ordena mandatos para actuar de una manera o de otra. Existen dos tipos:

• Hipotéticos: Obligan a las personas que quieren alcanzar un fin. La acción expresada por el mandato es un medio. Su forma es: "si

12th Century: A Century of Transformation

The twelfth century witnessed fundamental changes in society. The beginning of the Crusades, population growth, and the influx of gold, among other factors, influenced the development of trade and the growth of cities. The economy still had its foundation in the countryside. The 12th century is known as a period of great prosperity in Europe, which improved living conditions.

Rise of Urban Life and the Bourgeoisie

A new social class, urban life in the Late Medieval period, appeared with great vigor. The nobility and the clergy were still the most important estates, but many traders thrived within cities, creating the bourgeoisie. While the majority of citizens lived modestly, focused on craft and trade,... Continue reading "12th Century Europe: Society, Church Reform, and Faith" »

The Crucifixion of Saint Peter (Second Version)

Caravaggio's increasingly realistic style is evident in his rejection of the first version of The Crucifixion of Saint Peter. In the second version, we see a gloomy scene with Peter crucified upside down, as he requested not to be crucified in the same manner as Christ. Caravaggio uses light to emphasize and focus our attention on Peter, whose body forms a diagonal line. A distinctive red detail, in this case, Peter's feet, draws our gaze. Peter looks at his left hand, while the other figures are turned away from the light, creating a diagonal cross composition.

The painting depicts an infinite space, an absence of light, the purest dark, with figures forming a diagonal cross that connects Peter... Continue reading "Caravaggio's Masterpieces: Light, Realism, and Spirituality" »

The Lourdes Apparitions of 1858

In 1858, Bernadette Soubirous, a poor and illiterate fourteen-year-old, reported seeing the Virgin Mary 18 times. These apparitions occurred in the Massabielle Grotto, west of Lourdes, France, between February 11 and July 16.

The Virgin Mary's Messages Unfold

During these subsequent appearances, the Virgin Mary's message began to take shape, emphasizing several key themes:

• Invitation to Penance and Prayer: A call for penance and prayer for sinners (February 21).
• Embrace Evangelical Poverty: An invitation to live a more evangelical life of poverty.
• Request for Processions and a Chapel: A specific request for processions to the grotto and for a chapel to be built there (March 2).

The Miraculous Spring of Massabielle

On... Continue reading "Lourdes Apparitions: Bernadette Soubirous & Miracles" »

1. St. Francis of Assisi

Giovanni di Bernardone, born in 1182 in Assisi (Italy), was known as Francesco. Possessing great wealth, he initially sought a life of pleasure. Imprisoned in 1202 for over a year, he fell seriously ill. His conversion began with kissing a leper. In 1208, he believed he heard God's call to rebuild churches and restored several small churches in Assisi. His first follower was Bernard of Quintavalle, who sold his possessions for the poor. Initially denied recognition by the bishop, Francis eventually gained a large following. Pope Innocent III approved his way of life, leading to the Franciscan Order. He died in 1226 and was canonized two years later.

2. Society in the 12th and 13th Centuries

The 12th century witnessed... Continue reading "Medieval Christianity: Key Figures, Movements, and Conflicts" »

The Christian Faith: A Personal Experience

The Christian faith is a personal commitment to Christ. Our trust in His mode of being and behavior with us belongs to the realm of a personal faith relationship.

Stages of the Process:

• Search: Desire to find Jesus.
• Discovery: Listen to His teachings and desire to experience them.
• Accession: Peter responds to Jesus by freely following Him and doing what He says.
• Infidelity/Doubt: Denying God in difficult times for fear of what people might say.
• Commitment: Being committed to follow Jesus to the end.
• Integration: Integration into the community of believers, the Church.

Global Disparities: Current Situation

In a globalized world, the impoverishment of the Global South is closely related to the overabundance of... Continue reading "Faith, Poverty, and Social Justice: A Christian Perspective" »

Why Study Nursing History?

Studying nursing history provides:

• Knowledge of the profession's seniority
• Professional group identity
• Understanding the profession's evolution
• Appreciation of the profession's progress and advances

The nursing profession has undergone profound changes in the last century, evolving from an occupation without formal qualification to a university career.

Knowledge of the profession's history helps understand the developmental stages of nursing awareness and its current state.

In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in studies and publications on nursing history, filling a gap that other disciplines began to address long ago.

Healthcare in Ancient Greece

The ancient Greeks had gods of the earth and underworld,... Continue reading "Nursing History and Ancient Greek Healthcare" »