Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Religion

Understanding Romanesque Art

The style most representative of the art of the feudal era was the Romanesque, between the 11th and 12th centuries. It is named for its likeness to Roman art.

The First European Style

The Romanesque was the first international style, with common features across Europe. The Benedictine Order of Cluny in France played a significant role in disseminating the style, and from there it spread throughout Europe. The crusades also contributed to the spreading of the style: the peregrinations of masons and sculptors whose crews moved through the various European regions. Romanesque art was essentially religious.

Romanesque Architecture

Features:

• The use of stone as the main material
• Thick walls
• Cruciform columns and pillars
• Semicircular

Saint Teresa of Ávila

Saint Teresa was born in Ávila in 1515. Her father, Alonso Sánchez Cepeda, and her mother, Beatriz de Ahumada, were noble Castilians. She was the 6th of 12 siblings. Her father sent her to the convent of the Augustinian nuns in Ávila. Her brother Rodrigo and she had a special sensitivity to loneliness and prayer. At age 20, she ran away to join the Carmelite convent of the Incarnation. A year later, she made her religious vows. Shortly after, she had a serious illness that almost led her to death. She was bedridden for almost 3 years and lost the movement of her hand during that time. After this period, she regained her health. With the economic aid of her brothers, she founded the convent of Saint Joseph in 1562. Teresa... Continue reading "Key Figures and Events in Religious History" »

The Church Community of Believers

• are Christians.
• is the place where Christians gather.
• is an NGO of followers of Jesus.
• is the Pope of Rome, the bishops, and priests.

The word church comes from the Greek ekklesia, which means "meeting or assembly of citizens summoned by a public message."

Thus, in the Church:

• citizens are called Christians.
• the public message that calls is Jesus and his message.

The Church: Mystery of Communion

• Why do we say that the Church is a mystery?
• The Father, from the beginning, thought and wanted the Church.
• The Son was sent to gather the Church by giving his life for her.
• The Holy Spirit animates and continues with its animating force.

The Holy Spirit: Strength of Believers

Pentecost and the Community of Disciples

• Incorporation in

Maison Carrée

Located in Nîmes, France, the Maison Carrée (16 BC) is a hexastyle temple, measuring 14 x 28 meters. Elevated on a podium with stairs, it features Corinthian columns embedded within the cell walls, creating a pseudoperipteral design. The temple is constructed of marble.

Pantheon

The Pantheon in Rome, constructed of concrete and brick, boasts a diameter of 43.50 meters at its base. A columned portico leads into the grand, coffered rotunda, capped by a massive dome.

Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater)

Built between 72-80 AD, the Colosseum in Rome is the world's largest Roman amphitheater, measuring 188 x 156 meters and accommodating up to 50,000 spectators. Constructed from concrete, stone, brick, and marble, it features four tiers.... Continue reading "Iconic Roman Architecture and Sculptures" »

Ramon Llull's Literary Works

Evast & Blanquerna

The protagonist of the novel Evast & Blanquerna, written in Montpellier in 1283, is a hero without stain who has the gift of always choosing the best option. He lives life from the Lullian perspective. At eighteen, he leaves his parents, Evast and Aloma, and the proposed marriage to Natana, in search of the spiritual perfection of the hermit. This, however, is the end of a long journey during which he has been a monk, an abbot, a bishop, and the Pope. Throughout the book, there are abundant small instructive moral stories, known in medieval times as eximplis. These examples, used by preachers to embellish sermons on doctrine, served to provide a picture that was plastic, entertaining, and... Continue reading "Ramon Llull's Literary Works: An In-Depth Analysis" »

The truth of myths is as follows:

• Myths aim to provide a horizon of meaning for building a valid existence. They may offer scientific or historically verifiable truths. For example, the vocation of Mohammed is not only meaningful but also a verifiable historical narrative.
• In the history of religions, myths express sacred truths. Their value depends on how this truth affects those who proclaim or hear it. From this perspective, myths are not formally different from legends or stories. The differences lie in their structure and influence.

Differences Between Myths, Legends, and Stories

Most Important Rituals

• Spells: Their purpose is to avert dangers.
• Rites of Passage: These ensure the future success of important life moments.
• Sacrifice: Individuals

Religious and Philosophical Theology

Theology (Faith and Reason)

St. Thomas Aquinas established a distinction between religious truths of the Bible's revelation, which are the subject of faith, and philosophical truths that are the subject of reason. Claims like Jesus' death and resurrection cannot be known or proven by reason; they can only be believed and are the object of faith.

Aquinas, following Aristotle, holds that truths like God's existence and other aspects regarding the essence and attributes of God are capable of proof or rational demonstration. Hence, the possibility of a purely rational theology that serves as an introduction to the revealed or religious. The difference between them lies not in the object, which is the same for both... Continue reading "Theology: Faith, Reason, and Existential Perspectives" »

Medieval Prose Fiction in Portugal

Prose fiction encompasses two narrative cycles: the Matter of Britain and the Matter of Troy, as well as several hagiographic texts (lives of saints).

Matter of Britain

The Matter of Britain (Breton cycle) consists of texts based on the story of Brittany that circulated throughout Europe from the 12th to the 18th centuries. The stories revolve around King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Three main parts are preserved:

• Joseph of Arimathea: Tells the story of the Jew who collected the blood of Christ in the chalice used at the Last Supper (the Holy Grail), and God's mandate to take it to Britain.
• Merlin: Presents the prophecies of this magician, announcing the arrival of new times and a knight who will

A New Light Shines on My Life: Faith

1 - A new light shines on my life: Faith

The Cross is the True Test of Faith

2 - The cross is the true test of faith

Jesus is God, is All

3. - Luz.es Jesus is God, is all

Leave it All to Dios. He is the Most Faithful

4 - Leave it all to Dios. He is the most faithful

Not Worth the Purposes Unless God Gives Strength to Fulfill

5 - Not worth the purposes unless God gives strength to fulfill

I Put All My Trust in the Lord and Hope of His Mercy Every Good

6 - I put all my trust in the Lord and hope of his mercy every good

Somebody Always Helps Us Achieve Our Goals

7 - Somebody always helps us achieve our goals

Long Love of God and Projimo. Este is the Goal of Our Constant Aspiration

8 - Long love of God and projimo. Este is... Continue reading "Faith, Trust, and Love: A Journey with God" »

Biography of St. Teresa of Ávila

Her life spans from her childhood to the founding of the first convent of St. Joseph of Ávila in 1562. It is known that during her childhood, she had a fondness for chivalric romances and the lives of saints. In 1531, her father interned her as a pupil in the Augustinian convent of Santa María de Gracia, but the following year she had to return home due to a serious illness. Determined to take the Carmelite habit against her father's will, in 1535, she left home to go to the Convent of the Incarnation. She received the habit the following year and made her profession in 1537.

Around that time, she entered a period of distress and illness, which lasted until 1542. During these years, she confessed that she learned... Continue reading "Religious Transformation and Conflict in 16th Century Europe" »