Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Psychology and Sociology

Primary Socialization

Stage

This occurs during the early years of life.

Features

• Acquisition of norms and customs.
• Powered and favored by emotional ties.
• There is no deliberation or awareness of this process.
• Essential for the integral formation of the individual.
• Interference or disruptions could have irreversible consequences.

Examples

• Language acquisition.
• Learning social customs.
• Assimilation of rules and values.

Mechanisms

• Imitation
• Rewards and punishments

Secondary Socialization

Stage

This process occurs throughout an individual's life.

Features

• Involves readjustment to changes in the environment.
• Based on emotional relationships and other interests.
• It is a conscious and deliberate process.
• Represents a less intense form of socialization.
• It is more effective

Función del Documento de Investigación

El documento de un proyecto de investigación presenta la información de la misma. Su función es dar a conocer cómo se realizará la investigación y tiene tres fines principales:

• Medio de control: Para el control externo o interno de la investigación.
• Programación: Detalla el hardware y software necesarios para realizar las tareas de investigación.
• Contratación: Define el valor del contrato y es esencial para su contextualización.

Proceso de Desarrollo del Proyecto

El desarrollo del proyecto considera varios contextos:

1. Contexto de la demanda: Se aborda a través de preguntas clave como: ¿de parte de quién surge el requerimiento?, ¿con qué motivo?, ¿qué finalidad práctica se persigue?
2. Contexto

Gender and Sex: Defining the Differences

Sexuality appears to us as an area of highly complex human behavior, which is undergoing fundamental change in contemporary societies. The term "sex" is ambiguous. As commonly used, it indicates the physical and cultural differences that exist between men and women (the male and female) as well as the sexual act itself. It is useful to distinguish between sex in the physiological or biological sense of the term, and gender, a cultural construct (a set of learned behavior patterns).

The Process of Gender Socialization

Some people argue that the behavioral differences between the sexes are genetically determined. However, gender socialization begins as soon as the baby is born. Even parents who believe they... Continue reading "Sociological Perspectives on Gender and Sexuality" »

Origins of Participatory Action Research

The deeply transformative change in Action Research (AR) occurred in the 1970s due to the incorporation of two streams of social mobilization in South America:

• The popular education movement created by Paulo Freire in Brazil.
• The Theory of Liberation.

This momentum was carried out by researchers such as Orlando Fals Borda. The group moved toward a critical new concept further defined as Participatory Action Research (PAR).

Methodology and Social Praxis

IAP (Investigación-Acción Participativa) is conceived as a research methodology in which the subject and object develop symmetrically, horizontally, and operationally within social, economic, or political spheres, representing a commitment to social praxis.... Continue reading "Social Transformation Through Participatory Action Research" »

Declarative Memory (Knowing What)

Declarative (knowing what). This memory stores information and knowledge of events. These facts and memories form the body of knowledge of a person and allow us to express our thoughts.

Types of Declarative Memory

There are two types of declarative memory:

• Episodic Memory

  It is the personal memory that allows us to remember dates, facts, or experienced episodes at a specific time and place. It stores life events and also the circumstances where the knowledge was acquired. The source is episodic memory and sensory perception; the information contained is organized in time.

• Semantic Memory

  Stores the knowledge of language and the world, entirely independent of the circumstances of its learning. Cultural understanding

1. Historical Perspective on Motor Development

The study of motor development spans over 200 years, beginning with early observations by Tiedemann (1787) and Pestalozzi (1774). Notably, Darwin (1877) provided a biographical description of his son's visual-motor and cephalocaudal development.

2. European Perspectives

• J. de Ajuriaguerra: Focus on infantile psychomotor development.
• Azemar: Analysis of holokinesias and ideokinesias in children.
• E. Pikler: Theories on global motor development.
• J. Le Boulch: The psychomotor development approach.
• V. da Fonseca: The psychosociobiological approximation.

3. American Perspectives

• H. Williams: The concept of perceptuomotor development.
• E.J. Cratty: The four-channel model of development.
• D.L. Gallahue: Theoretical

Applying this distinction to the first four types of needs in Maslow's scale:

• The needs that Maslow called physiological or biological are objective.
• The needs that Maslow called social (or affection and belonging) and esteem are called existential.
• Security is of a mixed type because it covers the two levels of conservation and development of life: the body and the intimate.

This is a principle called the principle of general correlation between aspects of reality and human needs.

Dependence and Interest in Human Relationships

All the needs arising in the gap function within the relationship between scarcity and resources. This relationship provides a general framework within which many specific human relations are accommodated: both relations with... Continue reading "Maslow's Hierarchy: Objective and Experiential Needs" »

Leadership and Management Dynamics

Power is the ability to influence the behavior of people. There are five primary types of power:

• Reward Power: Control over the granting of awards and positive reinforcements.
• Coercive Power: The use of negative awards, punishments, or threats.
• Legitimate Power: Control over others by the mere fact of holding a specific rank, position, or title.
• Referent Power: Also called charismatic power, where people are influenced by identifying with the person holding this power.
• Expert Power: Held by someone who possesses specific knowledge, experience, or skills that are superior to those of the people over whom they exercise influence.

Distinguishing Leaders and Managers

A leader is someone who can influence the attitudes,... Continue reading "Effective Leadership Dynamics and Employee Motivation" »

Adolescence: the period when young people define their position towards the family, peers and the society they live.

SEXUAL IDENTITY: is related to sexual patterns that represent each person in society.

THE ADOLESCENT psychosexual development: It is when the teen goes aaprendiendo what is sexuality,

CHILDREN: The child has significant physical and psychological changes

Adolescence: the interim period between childhood and adulthood

Adulthood: the individual possesses the maturity and responsibility to deal with family patterns

PUBERTY: the behavior of humans is the product of social and biological factors.

PHYSICAL CHANGES: teenage morphological changes occur and a major sexual maturation

PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES: orientation should receive counseling... Continue reading "Zoofilia abnormal sexual behavior" »

Coll Taxonomy for Basic and Secondary Education

The Coll Taxonomy applies to Basic Secondary Education (BSE) and is recommended for Middle School (MS).

First Category: Facts, Concepts, and Principles

• Facts: This involves memorizing historical events that may occur.
• Concepts: This refers to the ability to identify, recognize, classify, describe, and verify objects, events, and ideas.
• Principles: This refers to the ability to identify, recognize, classify, describe, and compare the relationships between concepts or facts mentioned previously.

Second Category: Procedures

Procedures are an ordered set of actions geared toward achieving a goal. This signifies being capable of using different situations and ways to solve problems and pursue fixed goals.... Continue reading "Coll Taxonomy and Curriculum Adjustment Standards" »