Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Psychology and Sociology

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Cognitive Miserliness: Brain Efficiency and Consumer Behavior

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

Written at on English with a size of 4.11 KB.

1. Why is the Brain a "Miser"?

  • The brain is often described as a "miser" because it strives to conserve cognitive resources and minimize mental energy expenditure. This principle, known as **cognitive miserliness**, refers to how the brain prefers using shortcuts and simplified processes to make decisions and respond to the world efficiently. It avoids complex, energy-consuming tasks whenever possible. This approach affects consumer behavior as shoppers tend to make decisions based on intuition and ease rather than through extensive deliberation.

Three Strategies of Cognitive Miserliness

  • Efficiency

    Our brain uses heuristics, or mental shortcuts, to simplify decision-making processes. This includes reliance on quick judgments and familiar patterns
... Continue reading "Cognitive Miserliness: Brain Efficiency and Consumer Behavior" »

Brain-Friendly Practices vs. Traditional School Policies

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

Written at on English with a size of 3.48 KB.

Traditional School Policies and Their Drawbacks:

  • Zero-tolerance discipline policy: Doesn’t give adolescents the opportunity to learn from their mistakes and make better choices next time.
  • Emotionally flat classroom climate: Ignores or suppresses the youthful exuberance of the limbic system, thus inhibiting potential positive linkages between the emotional brain and the prefrontal cortex.
  • Ban on social media apps in the classroom: Limits a potentially useful medium through which peers can learn from one another.
  • More homework, tougher requirements, and a longer school day: Creates stress that can impair mental and physical health at a time when the adolescent is particularly vulnerable to the negative impact of stress.
  • Early start time for the
... Continue reading "Brain-Friendly Practices vs. Traditional School Policies" »

Judging Emotions Through Facial Expressions: A Psychology Experiment

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

Written at on English with a size of 1.47 MB.

Judgment of Emotions Through Facial Expressions

Experiment Details

Name of the Experimenter:

[Experimenter's Name]

Name of the Subject:

[Subject's Name]

Educational Qualification of the Subject:

[Subject's Educational Qualification]

Age of the Subject:

[Subject's Age]

Gender of the Subject:

[Subject's Gender]

Mental Status of the Subject:

[Subject's Mental Status]

Date of the Conduction of the Practical:

[Date of Experiment]

Problem

To measure the accuracy of judgment of emotions through facial expressions.

Introduction

Emotion is a subjective response, usually accompanied by physiological changes that are interpreted by the individual. This interpretation prepares the individual for action and is associated with behavioral changes. We often observe organisms... Continue reading "Judging Emotions Through Facial Expressions: A Psychology Experiment" »

Understanding Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorders, and Schizophrenia

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

Written at on English with a size of 3.44 KB.

Major Depressive Disorder

Absence of happiness is a more reliable symptom than increases of sadness (response to happy vs. sad faces; aleatory screening of mood during the day). Depression is more frequent in women than in men (around 2:1 ratio). Symptoms: Absence of happiness, Sadness, Helplessness, Lack of energy, Feel worthless, Sleep problems. Nongenetic Biological Influences on Depression (Dp)

  • Few cases of Dp are linked to viral infections e.g., Borna disease (farm animals)
  • Postpartum Depression: 20% of women after birth. Majority of women recover fast.
  • Hormone level changes (e.g., decrease in estrogen or progesterone) can induce depression in women with vulnerability.

Abnormalities of Hemispheric Dominance

Happy mood: increase activity in L... Continue reading "Understanding Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorders, and Schizophrenia" »

Psychology: A Comprehensive Guide to the Human Mind and Behavior

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

Written at on English with a size of 6.91 KB.

Critical Thinking

Curiosity, Skepticism, Humility

Psychology is a science that studies the human mind and behavior. It is a field that is constantly evolving, as new research is constantly being conducted to better understand how we think, feel, and act.

Major Schools of Psychology

Psychoanalytic (Unconscious) - Freud

Humanistic (Free Will)

Behaviorism (Watson/B.F. Skinner) - Exploration of Behaviors

There are many different schools of psychology, each with its own unique perspective on the human mind and behavior. Some of the major schools of psychology include:

  • Psychoanalytic psychology, which focuses on the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior.
  • Humanistic psychology, which emphasizes the importance of free will and personal growth.
  • Behaviorism,
... Continue reading "Psychology: A Comprehensive Guide to the Human Mind and Behavior" »

My Suitcase: A Journey of Personal Growth

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

Written at on English with a size of 1.72 KB.

Overview of Me

Background

  • From Mississauga
  • Completed first year of Networking & IT Security at UOIT
  • Transferred from Humber College after completing my engineering diploma
  • Currently in the GAAS program

Family

My family has played a crucial role in shaping who I am today. They instilled in me important values such as:

  • Respect
  • Courtesy
  • Caring
  • Honesty
  • Understanding

My parents have always been my backbone, providing guidance and support throughout my life. They have encouraged me to pursue my academic goals and explore the world. I am grateful for their unwavering love and support.

Gym Bag

Staying active has always been an important part of my life. I enjoy various activities such as biking, swimming, and playing soccer. Recently, I have gotten into weight... Continue reading "My Suitcase: A Journey of Personal Growth" »

Invention by experience

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

Written at on English with a size of 3.68 KB.

Psychology- (Wilhelm Wundt)- Scientific study of mind and behavior. (book- Principles of Physiological Psychology)

Consciousness- a person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind.

Structuralism- the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind. 

Behavior- observable actions of a human or animal.

Philosophers- do not draw conclusions or seek truth by examining observable events (empiricism) but rather by using rationalism -- drawing conclusion by reasoning and logic.

Nativism-(Plato)- The philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or hidden.

Philosophical Empiricism-(Aristotle)- All knowledge is acquired through experience.  Mind is a blank slate.

Phrenology- (Franz Joseph Gall)- Discredited theory that specific

... Continue reading "Invention by experience" »

Understanding Gender Roles, Relations, and Power Dynamics

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

Written at on English with a size of 3 KB.

Definition of Gender Roles and Gender Relations

Gender roles are the social definitions of women and men. They vary among different societies, cultures, classes, ages, and historical periods.

Gender relations are the ways in which a culture or society defines the rights, responsibilities, and identities of men and women in relation to one another.

Key Aspects of Gender

  • Traits of being male/female are biological.
  • Gender is learned and cultural.
  • Gender guides a child's socialization according to societal expectations.
  • Many differences between men and women are socially constructed.

What Does Gender Mean?

Gender shapes societies and cultures. Most societies are hierarchical, with one or more dominant groups and other subordinate groups. The dominant group... Continue reading "Understanding Gender Roles, Relations, and Power Dynamics" »

Understanding Organizational Behavior

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

Written at on English with a size of 4.51 KB.

Understanding Behaviors to Predict Performance and Enhance Effectiveness

Replacing Intuition with Systematic Study

Attribute causes and effects, draw conclusions based on scientific evidence: provide a means to predict behaviors.

Evidence-Based Management (EBM)

Managerial decisions based on scientific evidence.

Relevant Disciplines

Psychology (human behaviors)
Social Psychology (people's influence on one another in groups)
Sociology (social environment and culture/group behaviors)
Anthropology (study of societies)

Management Functions

Planning (goals, strategy)
Controlling (monitoring)
Organizing (what, who, how)
Leading (motivating, directing)

Mintzberg's Managerial Roles

1. Interpersonal

Figurehead, leader, liaison

2. Informational

Monitor, disseminator, spokesperson

3.

... Continue reading "Understanding Organizational Behavior" »

A laminar boundary layer is a layer

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

Written at on English with a size of 3.25 KB.

1. Failures are integrated and used as a revulsive → not hidden, not ignored not minimised 2. A post - error analysis is conducted to prevent them in the future → integration of errors is both intellectual and emotional 3. Mistakes are lived as a necessary step to success → guilt is discarded,  all is a part of progress 

1. Every layer of the person is integrated in one → you perceive unity, authenticity and honesty 2 Self-awareness and self-knowledge are the core → compassionate thinking and analysis of events 3. Personal commitment jar is refilled daily → Positive thinking and personal leadership rule. (negative things are the threat for us) 


Holland test: realistic, investigator, social conventional, entrepenreur, artistic

Kinesica

... Continue reading "A laminar boundary layer is a layer" »