Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Shoulder Anatomy and Injury Mechanisms

Step Deformity

The distal end of the clavicle lies superior relative to the acromion process. This is a typical sign of an AC (acromioclavicular) sprain or dislocation.

Scapulohumeral Rhythm Explained

This refers to the movement of the scapula relative to the movement of the humerus throughout the full range of abduction. It occurs in distinct phases:

• 0-30 degrees of humeral abduction: No scapular movement (setting phase).
• 30-90 degrees of abduction: 2 degrees of humeral elevation = scapular abduction and upward rotation of 1 degree (2:1 ratio).
• 90-180 degrees of abduction: 1 degree of humeral elevation = scapular abduction and upward rotation of 1 degree (1:1 ratio).

Static Scapular Winging

The medial border of... Continue reading "Shoulder Injury Essentials: Deformities, Fractures, Sprains" »

Pelvis Lumbar Spine

Facet joint dysfunction—dislocation, subluxation, or degeneration of the facet. Localized pain over the facet, decrease in symptoms with the increase in activity Treatment options—injection (steroid to reduce inflammation), facetectomy (surgical resection of a vertebral facet).

Spondylopathies

Spondylolysis—defect in the pars interarticularis. “collared scotty dog”; localized low back pain that restricts extension. Spondylolisthesis—can be progression of spondylolysis. Separation of vertebra; “decapitated Scotty dog”. S&S: spondylolysis begins unilaterally. Pain and persistent aching, low back stiffness with increased pain after activity, frequent need to change position, full rom w/ some hesitation in regards... Continue reading "Pelvis Lumbar Spine: Facet Joint Dysfunction, Spondylopathies, and Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction" »

Lumbar Spine & Pelvis

Sacralization

L5 becomes fused to the sacrum (essentially only 4 lumbar vertebrae; usually asymptomatic). Movement is only available in the 4 lumbar vertebrae.

Lumbarization

S1 fails to unite with the remainder of the sacrum (like a 6th lumbar vertebra; common in ~10% of the population).

Lordosis

Exaggerated curvature in the lumbar spine (butt out, chest out, anterior pelvic tilt).

Kyphosis

Exaggerated curvature in the thoracic spine (has forward head so that you aren’t looking down at the ground all the time).

Scoliosis

Lateral curvature of the spine

• C-shape: thoracic spine
• S-shape: lumbar spine; may compensate for curvature in thoracic spine to remain upright.

Low Back Muscle Strain

Stretch or tear in one or more of the paraspinal... Continue reading "Lumbar Spine & Pelvis Conditions: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment" »

Thigh, Groin, and Hip Conditions

Hip Dysplasia

Abnormal articulation between the femoral head and acetabulum. Often associated with an irregularly developed pelvis; coxa vara/valga. Can cause pain leading to hip subluxation or dislocation. May be congenital or developmental (DDH).

Risk factors:

• Being female
• Firstborn
• Born breech
• Family history of hip dysplasia
• Swaddling

Quad Contusion

Mechanism of Injury (MOI): Direct blow to thigh musculature.

• Grade 1: Superficial intramuscular bruise that produces mild hemorrhage.
• Grade 2: Deeper intramuscular bruise.
• Grade 3: Moderate intramuscular bruise.
• Grade 4: Deep intramuscular bruise that may split the fascia latae, allowing the muscle to protrude (muscle herniation).

Potential complication: Myositis ossificans.... Continue reading "Common Hip, Groin, and Thigh Injuries" »

Common Knee Injuries

Knee Plica

Fetal knee development involves three chambers that typically merge into one. The internal walls (plica) separating these chambers may persist. While often asymptomatic, the medio-patellar plica is most prone to causing issues. Symptoms can mimic meniscus injury, leading to catching and locking sensations.

Patellar Subluxation and Dislocation

Occurs at the patellofemoral joint, with lateral dislocations being the most common.

Knee Joint Dislocation

Occurs at the tibiofemoral joint and often involves tears of the MCL, ACL, LCL, and joint capsule.

Patellar Tendon Rupture

A complete tear of the quadriceps or patellar tendon, typically at its attachment to the patella.

Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligament Injuries

• Medial

Knee Anatomy and Common Conditions

Leg Length Discrepancy

• Anatomical (True): Leg length difference from structural changes in the femur or lower leg.
• Functional (Apparent): Legs are equal in length but appear or feel shorter due to muscle imbalance, hip issues, etc.

Q-Angle

• Measured from the ASIS to the patella center, then from the tibial tubercle to the patella center.
• Normal: 10 degrees for males, 15 degrees for females.
• Greater angles may cause patellar tracking issues.

A-Angle

• Patellar orientation to the tibial tubercle.
• Angle >35 degrees may relate to anterior knee pain.

Tibial Torsion

• Rotation of the tibia on the femur.
• Medial: Feet point inward.
• Lateral: Feet point outward excessively.

Patellar Tendon Issues

Patellar Tendinopathy

• Also known as Jumper'

Explain the differences and concerns with performance measures

Different types of Performance Measures. 2 types of measures:

• Objective Measures: quantitative and based on counts of behaviors or outcomes. Ex: number of students in a class, multiple choice exam.
• Subjective Measures: qualitative and based on judgments from raters.

Explain the value of using multiple sources for performance appraisal ratings

Common Problems with Performance Measures (1/2) Rater Errors. Rating errors occur when:

1. Raters provide assessments that follow an undesirable pattern.
2. The rater does not properly account for factors that might influence assessments.

A common error is central tendency error, which is the pattern of placing almost everyone in the middle of the scale.... Continue reading "Performance Measures, Appraisals, and Compensation Practices" »

Describe various approaches to job design

Job design focuses on determining what tasks will be grouped together to form employee jobs. There are four general approaches to grouping work tasks: mechanistic, motivational, perceptual, and biological.

1. Mechanistic Approach:
   • Job design is viewed from the perspective of creating an efficient machine that transforms labor inputs into goods and services.
   • Industrial engineers often use analyses designed to find the work methods that take the least time, such as Time and Motion studies.
2. Motivational Approach:
   • The motivational approach is aimed at increasing employees' enjoyment of their work and thus increasing their effort.
   • Jobs are designed not simply to get work done as quickly as possible, but also to provide

Steps in the Job Analysis Process

1. Determine who will do the analysis and get top management buy-in the process.

2. Choose jobs that are critical to the success of the company and have a sufficient number of employees in them.

3. Review what has already been written about the job. One important source of information is the Occupational Information Network.

4. Select job agents, people who will provide job information, such as incumbents (people currently doing the job), supervisors, or job analysts (experts).

5. Collect job information through interviews, questionnaires, and observations.

Job Analysis Techniques

Job analysis interview: Face-to-face meeting with the purpose of learning about a worker’s duties and responsibilities.

Job analysis questionnaire:... Continue reading "Job Analysis Process: Steps, Techniques, and Results" »

Common Homophones

• I'll, isle, aisle
• Eight, ate
• Bear, bare
• Be, bee, b
• Blue, blew
• Break, brake
• Buy, by, bye
• Sell, cell
• Sent, cent
• Dear, deer
• Die, dye
• Fair, fare
• Flee, flea
• Flower, flour
• Guest, guessed
• Heal, heel
• Hear, here
• Hole, whole
• Our, hour
• In, inn
• Its, it's
• New, knew
• Not, knot
• No, know
• Made, maid
• Male, mail
• Meet, meat
• Night, knight
• Pear, pair, pare
• Pale, pail
• Pray, prey
• Rain, reign, rein
• Real, reel
• Write, right, rite
• Road, rowed, rode
• Peace, piece
• Roll, role
• Sale, sail
• Sea, see, c
• Site, sight, cite
• Sore, soar
• Sole, soul
• Sun, son
• Stare, stair
• Steak, stake
• Steal, steel
• Tale, tail
• Through, threw
• To, too, two
• Vein, vain, vane
• Waste, waist
• Wait, weight
• Way, weigh
• Week, weak
• Would, wood
• Chord, cord

Globalization and Culture

• Americanized/global brand: A word known worldwide.
• Way of life
• Brain drain: Fuga