Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

**Gerunds and Infinitives**

Understanding the use of gerunds and infinitives is crucial for mastering English. Let's delve into some specific verbs and phrases:

• **Forget, Remember, Try, Regret:**
  • When followed by a gerund (*-ing*), these verbs refer to a past action.
  • When followed by an infinitive (*to* + base verb), they refer to a present or future action.

**Common Phrases with Gerunds**

• **Get used to** (*-ing*)
• **Be used to** (*-ing*)
• **Look forward to** (*-ing*)
• **Can't stand** (*-ing*)
• **Wouldn't mind** (*-ing*)

**Composition Writing Tips**

Here's a basic structure for writing a descriptive composition:

1. **Introduction:** "In this composition, I am going to describe..." (state the topic).
2. **Body Paragraphs:**
   • "In this place, you can do a lot of things

Meaning as Reference/Denotation (R/D)

Core Tenets

• We stress the role of the referent/denotation as the main component of a linguistic expression’s meaning.
• Metalanguage explanations of meaning are seen as the names of the referents of the object language term.

Example: "In Sydney, the bridge means Harbour Bridge." "Bridge" means what it refers to, but if we don't know the context, then we could say that "bridge" in general has its denotation.

Advantages

• It identifies meaning with non-linguistic objects in the world. If we run out of words, we can do this (by pointing at it).
• The referents are taken from representations projected by the speaker.

Problems

• Abstract nouns and adjectives lack a clear referent.
• A single referent can be referred to by many

Cooperative Culture: The values, beliefs, and traditions in a company that influence the behavior of its staff. It's important for job seekers to know about an organization's culture before accepting a job.

Cultura cooperativa: Los valores, creencias y tradiciones en una empresa que influyen en el comportamiento de su personal. Es importante que los solicitantes de empleo sepan sobre la cultura de una organización antes de aceptar un puesto de trabajo.

Informal Communication & Actions

Company Attributes

Aphra Behn: Oroonoko

2. Aphra BEHN, Oroonoko or, The Royal Slave. 1688

About slavery in an American colony called Surinam, in the West Indies. She talks about a young man who sees a maid girl. Then she talks as well about the way the slaves live.

3. Mary ASTELL, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, for the Advancement of their True and Greatest Interest. By a Lover of her Sex. 1664

Critics about women and her beauty, because they have to focus on her intelligence, in a religious way.

4. Rochester, The Disabled Debauchee.

Poem, complicated, about an admiral, it describes his life. He’s seen some wars, the environment where he moved, there were people who were drinking, flirting, etc.

5. Jonathan SWIFT, A Modest Proposal.

Eating Irish children because... Continue reading "Literary Works: A Collection of Literary Works" »

Present Simple: Acciones habituales (always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, never). Present Continuous: Cosas que suceden mientras se habla (at the moment, now, today). Past Simple: (yesterday, last week, when, two days ago). Past Continuous: (while, as in that moment, when). Perfect: (never, since, yet, just, already). Be Going To: (plans, intentions y predicciones evidentes). Be + ING: (ho spas certisim, in October). Will + INF: (ofrecimientos, preguntas).

Who, Which, Where, When, Whose, Why

So: tan, así que, por lo que. So That: de modo que, para que. For Example: por ejemplo.... Continue reading "Understanding English Tenses and Grammar Rules" »

Nutrients and Life Stages

The quantity of nutrients that our body needs depends on the stage of life we are in.

• Breastfeeding (0–6 months): Requires breast milk.
• Childhood: Diet gradually becomes similar to an adult diet. Children generally require more calories for growth.
• Adolescence: Nutritional needs are similar to adults.

Nutritional Needs During Adulthood

Specific needs apply, especially during pregnancy. Pregnant women require approximately 300 kcal more per day, increased proteins, specific vitamins (e.g., folic acid), minerals (e.g., calcium), water, and fiber.

Nutritional Needs in Old Age

Older adults generally require similar nutrients to adults, but fewer calories overall.

Macronutrient Distribution and Calories

Recommended Daily Allowance... Continue reading "Essential Health Metrics: Nutrition, Diagnosis, and Disease Facts" »

Office Skills Assessment

True or False

1. Ms. Ellis is sending a quote for office equipment. False
2. Ms. Ellis is a special client. False
3. The order includes large envelopes and staplers. True
4. Paul Carter doesn’t accept the payment terms. False
5. They will send the goods by the end of April. True

Answer the Questions

1. What is the purpose of the letter? The purpose is to inform about a quote for office equipment.
2. Have the two companies done business before? No, they haven’t.
3. What discount is offered? It’s 10%.
4. Is the discount offered to all customers? No, it isn’t.
5. What must Ms. Ellis do to get the items requested on Monday, April 30th? She must confirm her order within the next 48 hours.

Circle the Word That Doesn’t Belong in Each Group

1. invoice - subtotal

Modern Perspectives on Life and Environment

The Reality of Being a Teenager Today

Your life as a teenager: “The teenager's life is easy...” This is a very common statement which is said to teenagers every day. Although teenage life is normally seen as one of the best periods of life, I don’t agree with it. On the one hand, there are many teenagers who think that their lives are rather hard but, from my point of view… When they get home... On the other hand, I think that a teenager’s life is not a piece of cake because… To sum up, we need to seize the day…

Can We Survive Without the Internet?

Could you live in a world without access to the Internet? “Now it is impossible to live without the internet...” Although the Internet is... Continue reading "Modern Challenges: Youth, Connectivity, and Environment" »