Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

UNIT 5

Grammar

• The Zero Conditional:
  (if + present simple, ... present simple)
  If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
• The First Conditional:
  (if + present simple, ... will + infinitive)
  If it rains tomorrow, we'll go to the cinema.
• The Second Conditional:
  (if + past simple, ... would + infinitive)
  If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.
• The Third Conditional
  (if + past perfect, ... would + have + past participle)
  If I had gone to bed early, I would have caught the train.

First cond → If you work hard, you will pass the exam.

Second cond → If you worked hard, you’d pass the exam.

was → Second cond → If I were you, I’d accept the job / If she were more patient, she’d be happier.

Unless = If

· Surfing the internet can become

TEMA 5

GRAMMAR

1

Formal Complaint Letter Template

From: [Sender Name]

To: [Recipient Name]

Sent: March 12th, 2019

Subject: Order No. 111

Dear Sir/Madam,

On July 7th, 2019, I bought a [Product Name/Reference]. I made this purchase at IKEA in Alcorcón on March 12th.

Unfortunately, your product has not performed well (desafortunadamente su producto no funcionaba bien) because it does not match the sample cupboard (el armario de muestra no coincide).

To resolve the problem, I would appreciate it if you could replace the article. I have attached a copy of the invoice (se adjunta copia de la factura).

I look forward to your reply and a resolution to my problem. I will wait until Friday before seeking third-party assistance. Please contact me at the above address or by phone... Continue reading "Professional Business English: Complaints and Scheduling" »

Photosynthesis Fundamentals

Photosynthesis: Carbon Compound Production

• Living organisms require complex carbon compounds to carry out life processes and build the structures in their cells.
• Photosynthesis involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids).
• Chloroplasts absorb light energy from the sun and convert this energy into chemical energy (glucose) to be used by the organisms for energy.

Visible Light Spectrum and Wavelengths

• Light from the sun is composed of a range of wavelengths.
• The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to or can be detected by the human eye.
• Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths (380 to 750 nm) is called

Structure of DNA and RNA

Understandings:

The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides.

• Nucleotides are the monomers of the polymer DNA.
• DNA nucleotides are made up of 3 components: a phosphate group (PO₄^-3), a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
• The phosphate, sugar, and base are linked by covalent bonds.
• In DNA and RNA, each nucleotide is linked to the next nucleotide between the phosphate of one and the pentose sugar of the other nucleotide.

DNA differs from RNA in the number of strands present, the base composition, and the type of pentose.

Hello, we are Zelai and Dylan, and we are going to talk to you about the Tasmanian Wilderness.

Location

Tasmania is a state that complies with the Commonwealth of Australia, which is located in Oceania. The state consists of the entire island of Tasmania along with some adjacent islands and is located 240 km southeast of the continent, separated by the Bass Strait.

Landscape

Okay, I'm going to start talking about the landscape of Tasmania. In Tasmania, there is a very different variety of landscapes. We can find very green landscapes full of trees and different types of plants to very large deserts. The Tasmanian *average* temperature is 23ºC during all the year.

Wildlife

The Tasmanian wilderness has one of the most special and rare wild fauna in... Continue reading "Tasmanian Wilderness: Wildlife, Landscape, and Conservation" »

1. Independent Set to Vertex Cover Reduction

Input

A graph G and an integer k.

Reduction Steps

1. Call the black-box for Vertex Cover with the input graph G.
2. Provide n-k as the target size, where n is the number of nodes in G.
3. Return the result ('yes' or 'no') from the black-box call.

2. SAT to Independent Set Reduction

Input

A CNF formula F.

Reduction Steps

1. Construct a graph G where the nodes of G are the literals occurring in F (with possible repetitions).
2. Add the following edges to G:
   • An edge joining every pair of complementary literals.
   • An edge joining any two literals that occur in the same clause.
3. Call the black-box for Independent Set with input graph G and an integer k, where k is the number of clauses in F.
4. Return the result ('yes' or 'no') from the

Set Cover to Efficient Recruiting

Input: Set U of elements, collection S₁, ..., S_m of subsets of U, integer k ≥ 0

Construct an instance of the Efficient Recruitment Problem:

• Sports are represented by U.
• Applicants are represented by {1, ..., m}.
• For every s ∈ U and 1 ≤ i ≤ m, M[s, i] = 'qualified' if s ∈ S_i and 'not qualified' otherwise.

Steps:

1. Call the oracle for Efficient Recruiting with input M and k.
2. Return the result (yes or no) of the previous call.

Vertex Cover and Hitting Set

Graph: G = (V, E)

• U = V(G)
• S_i = {u, v}, where (u, v) is an edge of G.

Vertex Cover ⇒ Hitting Set:

If C is a vertex cover for G of size k, then by definition, for every edge (u, v) in G, either u ∈ C or v ∈ C. Therefore, C is a solution for Hitting Set because... Continue reading "Efficient Recruiting and Algorithm Design: Set Cover, Hamiltonian Path, and Longest Increasing Subsequence" »

French Revolution of 1789

The French Revolution (1789) was a complex process that ended the Ancien Régime and paved the way for a new liberal society and new ways of thinking and living.

Convocation of the Estates-General

King Louis XVI’s minister, Calonne, proposed that the nobility contribute to paying taxes. The nobility refused, leading to a serious political crisis and forcing Louis XVI to convene the Estates-General. This situation fueled widespread discontent, resulting in the creation of so-called Cahiers de doléances (notebooks of grievances). These notebooks highlighted the people’s discontent with the monarchy. Enlightened sectors of the bourgeoisie demanded equal representation in the Estates-General compared to the nobility... Continue reading "French Revolution of 1789: A Comprehensive Account" »

City Thief Steals from Eileen Jacobs' Home

Witness Describes Suspect to Police

Police are hoping to make progress in catching a city thief. He was seen cycling away from the home of Eileen Jacobs after stealing a DVD player, a watch, and some jewelry. The main suspect is Neil Swains, a forty-year-old escaped convict. Daniel Cooper saw the criminal and is here to give us a description.

Presenter: Hello.

Mr. Cooper: Hello.

Presenter: Can you tell us what happened?

Mr. Cooper: Of course, I can. I was making my breakfast in the kitchen at about 8 AM when I heard a noise in Eileen's backyard. I knew she had gone on vacation last weekend, so I went to investigate.

Presenter: What did you see?

Mr. Cooper: I noticed the back door was open. It looked like someone... Continue reading "City Thief Steals DVD Player, Watch, Jewelry" »