Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Understanding Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration is a biological process that extracts energy from glucose and other organic compounds to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using oxygen.

The Four Stages of Aerobic Respiration

1. Glycolysis

   • Occurs in the cytoplasm.
   • A six-carbon glucose molecule is converted into two, three-carbon molecules of pyruvate.
   • This process occurs in the cytoplasm.
   • To initiate the process, two molecules of ATP are consumed. Four molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH are produced.

2. Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme A

   • Involves shuttling pyruvate molecules into the mitochondrion.
   • Each pyruvate molecule is oxidized to carbon dioxide and a two-carbon acetyl group.
   • The carbon dioxide is released as a waste product, and the two-carbon

Troy was a city situated in the far northwest of the region known as Asia Minor, now known as Anatolia in modern Turkey, near the southwest mouth of the Dardanelles Strait and northwest of Mount Ida. There were up to 20 cities around Troy. The present-day location is known as Hissarlik. It was the setting of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle, in particular in The Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Homer is a master of narrative. He is the greatest author that has ever lived. His work is classical, but he had some things that are incredibly modern.

The Troy of Homer is Troy 7. It came to a violent end around 1270 BC; houses were burnt, and the city was sacked. The king of Troy was Priam (non-Greek). He was the... Continue reading "The Historical Significance of Troy in Greek Mythology" »

Cost Accounting

Cost Accounting is a branch of accounting and has been developed due to limitations of financial accounting. Financial accounting is primarily concerned with record keeping directed towards the preparation of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet. It provides information regarding the profit and loss that the business enterprise is making and also its financial position on a particular date. The financial accounting reports help the management to control in a general way the various functions of the business but it fails to give detailed reports on the efficiency of various divisions. The limitations of Financial Accounting which led to the development of cost accounting

Objectives of Cost Accounting

1. To analyse and classify

1. What are plant hormones?

Answer

Plant hormones are fluids secreted within the plant, also known as phytohormones. They regulate the growth and development of the plant. Examples of plant hormones are auxin and gibberellins.

2. How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive plant different from the movement of a shoot towards light?

Answer

The movements of the leaves of the sensitive plant are touch-sensitive and independent of growth, while the movement of the shoot towards light is growth-related and known as phototropism.

3. Give an example of a plant hormone that promotes growth.

► Auxin

4. How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support?

Answer

When tendrils come in contact with any support, the part of the tendril in contact... Continue reading "Plant Hormones and Reflex Actions: Questions and Answers" »

Knee Anatomy and Common Conditions

Leg Length Discrepancy

• Anatomical (True): Leg length difference from structural changes in the femur or lower leg.
• Functional (Apparent): Legs are equal in length but appear or feel shorter due to muscle imbalance, hip issues, etc.

Q-Angle

• Measured from the ASIS to the patella center, then from the tibial tubercle to the patella center.
• Normal: 10 degrees for males, 15 degrees for females.
• Greater angles may cause patellar tracking issues.

A-Angle

• Patellar orientation to the tibial tubercle.
• Angle >35 degrees may relate to anterior knee pain.

Tibial Torsion

• Rotation of the tibia on the femur.
• Medial: Feet point inward.
• Lateral: Feet point outward excessively.

Patellar Tendon Issues

Patellar Tendinopathy

• Also known as Jumper'

Homer: Author of Ancient Epics

Homer is the name ascribed by the Ancient Greeks to the semi-legendary author of the two epic poems, The Iliad and The Odyssey, central works of Greek literature. Many accounts of Homer’s life circulated in classical antiquity, the most widespread being that he was a blind bard from Ionia, a region of modern-day Turkey. However, modern scholarly consensus holds that these traditions lack historical value.

The Homeric Question & Authorship

The Homeric Question—by whom, when, where, and under what circumstances The Iliad and The Odyssey were composed—continues to be debated. Broadly speaking, modern scholarly opinion on the authorship issue falls into two main camps. One group holds that most of The Iliad... Continue reading "Homer's Enduring Legacy: Unraveling the Epic Poet" »

SARTRE 2

"All leaders know that anguish." The ultimate source of the anguish which informs our decisions is that there are no principles to guide us; there are no intrinsic values and no higher authority.

The only reason actions or things have value is because we choose them.

Abandonment: God does not exist. Alone in the universe, we must re-evaluate our concepts of honesty, progress, and humanity.

Without human nature, there is no determinism.

"Man is condemned to be free" [p.34]

Contra Hume's Moral Intuition: "Feeling is formed by the deeds that one does; therefore, I cannot consult it as a guide to action." [p.37]

Action informs sentiment, not vice versa.

IKEA Customer Service: Complaint Handling

A: Hello, IKEA, Mary Black speaking. How may I help you?

B: Hello, this is Carlos Cotta from Notary's Office. I'm afraid I have a serious complaint. I would like to speak with Mr. X, please.

A: Okay, I will put him through. Wait a moment, please.

C: Hello, Mr. X speaking. How can I help you, Mr. Cotta?

B: Hello, Mr. X! I ordered some furniture and I have received the wrong furniture.

C: I apologize most sincerely, Mr. Cotta. Please give me the order details, and we'll replace the correct furniture within 24 hours. We will also send you a discount for future orders.

B: Okay, thanks. I hope this won't happen again.

C: I'll be in touch with you, Mr. Cotta, in the next few hours to confirm that everything is all... Continue reading "IKEA Customer Service: Handling Complaints & Workplace Vocabulary" »

Distribution of Moody's Ratings

Historical Default Rates

• Rating Agencies
• Default rates from bonds
• Market Data

CAPM Model for Bond Returns

The usual CAPM has to be modified to include expected loss per year.

What must the β be to justify the excess spread for Baa Bonds?

Merton's Model

A Structural Model That Predicts Default Rates

How Do We Find V₀ and σ_V?

We know E₀ and σ_E, and

An application of Ito's lemma shows

These allow us to find V₀ and σ_V from E₀ and σ_E.

Default Correlation

Defaults: If Firm A Defaults, is Firm B More Likely to Default Too?

No Default Correlation

Consider two firms, X and Y:

Q_X = 0.1, Q_Y = 0.2

If X and Y are uncorrelated, then the probability that they both default is Q_X × Q_Y = 0.02

Building Default Correlation

If X and Y are correlated,... Continue reading "Understanding Bond Default Rates and Correlation" »