Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Essential English Verb Forms (32 Examples)

1. is
2. becomes
3. has shown
4. don’t fully mature
5. are
6. change
7. keep
8. has been seen
9. is
10. is not
11. are
12. have just taken
13. continues
14. suggests
15. differs
16. have ever been told
17. don’t become
18. have not changed
19. have seen
20. were growing
21. did not see
22. reached
23. began
24. became
25. found
26. learning
27. lay
28. had turned
29. grew
30. went
31. took
32. are living

Key Phrasal Verbs and Prepositional Phrases

1. get over the death
2. get out of this house
3. look after the baby
4. look at the document
5. broke down completely
6. put out the lights (or turn off the lights)
7. keep it on for long
8. the gun went off by accident
9. goes up in the winter (Price/Temperature)
10. gave them back to them
11. I came across a vase
12. take it out / take it back
13. took over the family
14. care for four children
15. I ran across (someone)
16. turn off
17. called off because (of something)
18. gave

1. British Colonies: Negatives and Positives

Negative things

British colonies.

• Their behavior toward the Native Americans was abusive; they did not want any relation with them.
• They intended to grab North American territory that had been claimed by Spain.
• They raided Spanish ships full of gold and silver when those ships were coming from Mexico.
• Sir Walter Raleigh organized a colony; he returned to England to bring food, people, and resources, and he never came back.
• Jamestown, at the beginning, was not fruitful because many people in the colony were of the upper class or soldiers, and they knew nothing about agriculture.
• Many people in Jamestown died from mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, because the colony was located in a marshy area.

Majority... Continue reading "Colonial Americas: British, Spanish, French, Dutch Relations" »

Geoffrey Chaucer: Civil Servant and Poet

For example, he took part in several diplomatic missions to Spain, France, and Italy. Chaucer was a hardworking civil servant who wrote poetry as a diversion.

Diplomatic Missions and Italian Renaissance Influence

The diplomatic mission that sent Chaucer to Italy was in all likelihood a milestone in his literary development. This visit brought him into direct contact with the Italian Renaissance—Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio. These writers provided him with new subject matter and new modes of representation.

Major Literary Works and Sources

Boccaccio provided sources for The Canterbury Tales, and for his longest poem, Troilus and Criseyde, one of the greatest love poems in any language.

The Influence of

Topic 1: The Marketing Function

What is Marketing?

Marketing is the process of identifying, understanding, and meeting customer and societal needs by creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging value.

Key Concepts:

• Need: A basic requirement for survival (e.g., food, shelter).
• Want: A specific desire for a product or service that can satisfy a need.
• Demand: Wants backed by the ability and willingness to pay.
• Product: Any tradable offering that satisfies a need, including tangible goods, services, ideas, and experiences.
• Market: All potential buyers who share a need or desire and have the ability to exchange value.
• Consumer Insight: A non-obvious understanding about customers that can change their behavior for mutual benefit.

Evolution of Marketing

1. Product

The Role of Sympathy in Economics

Adam Smith's Perspective on Sympathy

Adam Smith described sympathy as an automatic reaction that influences our economic behavior. He observed that people tend to reflect the emotions of others, feeling happiness or pain in response to the emotions displayed by those around them. However, Smith noted that sympathy has its limits, as we tend to sympathize more with those closer to us, such as family and friends, than with strangers.

For example, Smith argued that a person would be more distressed by the loss of their own finger than by an earthquake in a distant country, simply because they lack a personal connection to the victims of the earthquake. This limitation of sympathy, according to Smith, influences our... Continue reading "Sympathy in Economics: From Personal Connections to Global Markets" »

The Middle Ages

Feudalism

Medieval Society

• Kings and Queens
• Rulers
• Nobility
• Lords and Knights
• Controlled the land
• Clergy
• Church officials
• Peasants
• Majority of the population
• Worked the land and served the nobles

Feudalism

A political and social system based on the granting of land in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services.

Feudalism

Developed as a result of frequent invasions in western Europe. Kings and nobles needed a way to protect their lands.

Feudalism

• Lords divided their lands into estates called fiefs.
• Fiefs (land) given to vassals.
• A person granted land in return for loyalty or military service.
• All nobles were vassals to the king.

Feudalism

• Knights: Mounted warriors who protected lord’s lands. Given land for their services.
• Chivalry:

Market expansion strategies (concentration-specialization and spreading-flexibility)

Motivation for internationalizing: Proactive and Reactive:

• Reactive: market-competitive environment-political environment-economic environment-chance occurrence-extra inventory-exporting.
• Proactive: expanding sales-launch an offensive-power & prestige, lower costs of labor-less stringent rules-extend life of a product.

Rules of entry mode: Naive-Pragmatic – strategy.

Entry modes: Exporting-Contractual- Investment.

• Exporting: Types:
  • Direct (ad: control foreign markets-good info feedback-better protection of trademarks. Dis: higher start-up costs-high investment-info requirements)
  • Indirect (ad: fast market access-Little commitment-export management is outsourced.

Renaissance Art: Masters and Styles

Italian Renaissance

Sculpture

• Donatello: Revived the classical Greco-Roman style of sculpture that was realistic and could be viewed from all sides. Donatello's David was the first free-standing human sculpture in this period.
• Michelangelo: Painter, sculptor, architect, and poet. Characteristics: Realism, details of the human body, expression, emotion. His works: Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel with biblical images of amazing detail, beauty, and power. Creation of Man, Pieta was his most important sculpture.
• Leonardo da Vinci: Painter and sculptor. Characteristics: Incredible realism, emotion, depth, details, expression. His works: The Last Supper shows Jesus' last meeting with the 12 apostles before the crucifixion.

My Weekend Activities

Last weekend, I got up at ten o'clock. I had breakfast, and then I got dressed. Later, I had lunch at my mother and father's in Ondara. In the afternoon, I went shopping with my mother, and I bought a jacket and four shirts. At night, I had dinner with my friend Angela at the "Barracuda". Then we had a cocktail.

English Vocabulary: Feelings and Emotions

• Tired: cansado
• Nervous: nervioso
• Excited: excitado
• Sad: triste
• Scared: asustado
• Thoughtful: pensativo
• Surprised: sorprendido
• Content: contento
• Frightened: asustado
• Silly: tonto
• Proud: orgulloso
• Angry: enfadado
• Hurt: dolido
• Annoyed: molesto
• Interested: interesado
• Grumpy:

Historical Comparisons: Early Colonies and Ancient Empires

Jamestown and Plymouth: Similarities and Differences

Both of these colonies eventually developed democratic tendencies. The colonists decided what to do and who held important positions (e.g., the House of Burgesses). They needed to maintain relationships with Native American tribes to survive, and both were established by Joint Stock Companies.

Key Distinctions Between Jamestown and Plymouth

• Founding Motivation: Jamestown (1607) was established for economic reasons (seeking wealth), while Plymouth was founded for religious reasons (seeking freedom).
• Settler Profile: The initial settlers in Jamestown included high-class individuals and soldiers who lacked agricultural knowledge, necessitating