Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Political Landscape

The two political groups that dominated the assembly were:

• Girondins: Represented the interests of the bourgeoisie.
• Jacobins: Represented the laborer people and the sans-culottes.

The Roaring Twenties (1920-1929)

The year 1929 marked the end of an era of extraordinary economic prosperity in the United States known as the Roaring Twenties. This expansion resulted from increased demand during World War I and the post-war recovery.

Burgeoning Economic Growth

The expansion of the American economy was driven by a change in production dominated by technical innovation and changes in work organization, characteristic of the Second Industrial Revolution.

Consumer Revolution

A significant shift occurred in the systems of demand and supply.... Continue reading "The Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression: A Historical Analysis" »

Allied Victories in WWII: Europe & Pacific Theaters (1943-1945)

1943-1944: Turning the Tide in Europe

Eastern Front

In 1943, the German advance in the East came to a halt at the Battle of Stalingrad, marking a turning point in favor of the Allies. The Soviets launched a successful counteroffensive, pushing back the Axis powers and reclaiming lost territory. In the north, they halted the German advance, while in the south, they began to liberate occupied territories.

North Africa and Italy

Meanwhile, in North Africa, the Allies established new forces in Morocco and Algeria, pushing back against Italian forces. This campaign led to the Allied invasion of Sicily and the eventual surrender of Italy in 1943. The fall of Mussolini's regime marked... Continue reading "Allied Victories in WWII: Europe & Pacific Theaters" »

Historical Context Before World War II

Asia and the Pacific

From a Western perspective, Japan was becoming increasingly important in the early 1900s, rapidly expanding its territory. In 1910, Japan occupied Korea, followed by Manchuria in 1931, establishing a puppet state under its control. Meanwhile, China was embroiled in a civil war between nationalists and communists. Japan seized this opportunity to invade China in 1930. The Second Sino-Japanese War officially began in 1937, prompting a temporary halt to the Chinese civil war as both sides united to fight against the Japanese invasion.

Europe

: in 1930 (hitler) Germany the Nazis had an Allie whit Italy (Benito Mussolini), heated by the communists and liked by the nationalist, 1938 the proces... Continue reading "The Road to World War II: From Aggression to Global Conflict" »

Revenge Tragedy

Revenge Tragedy in Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama-Renaissance Lit: The Revenge Plot - The Spanish Tragedy (a revenge play) follows the Senecan model:

• A secret murder, usually of a benign ruler by a bad one
• A ghostly visitation of the murder victim to a younger kinsman, generally a son
• A period of disguise, intrigue, or plotting, in which the murderer and the avenger scheme against each other, with a slowly rising body count
• An eruption of general violence at the end, often accomplished by means of a feigned masque or festivity
• A catastrophe that generally decimates the dramatis personae, including the avenger

Early Works

The Spanish Tragedy (Thomas Kyd 1582-1592), The Battle of Alcazar (George Peele c.1590), Titus Andronicus (William... Continue reading "Revenge Tragedy in Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama: Themes and Context" »

The Narrator's Voice in The Canterbury Tales

The pilgrim narrator in The Canterbury Tales, as in other narrative works (written in verse), speaks of what he has dreamed, read, or seen in a manner which the reader soon learns to recognize as characteristic—the author's own voice. The Chaucer of all these poems is a retiring, bookish man, with little first-hand experience of life, least of all in the great matter of love. He can therefore do no better than report faithfully what he dreams, reads, or observes of the world and its ways.

Often he is puzzled by what he finds, and at times he even apologizes for what he is forced (for some reason) to report. Since the "matter" of his stories is not of his own making, it cannot always be to his taste.... Continue reading "Chaucer's Canterbury Tales: Narrator, Context, and Enduring Legacy" »

Geoffrey Chaucer: Civil Servant and Poet

For example, he took part in several diplomatic missions to Spain, France, and Italy. Chaucer was a hardworking civil servant who wrote poetry as a diversion.

Diplomatic Missions and Italian Renaissance Influence

The diplomatic mission that sent Chaucer to Italy was in all likelihood a milestone in his literary development. This visit brought him into direct contact with the Italian Renaissance—Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio. These writers provided him with new subject matter and new modes of representation.

Major Literary Works and Sources

Boccaccio provided sources for The Canterbury Tales, and for his longest poem, Troilus and Criseyde, one of the greatest love poems in any language.

The Influence of

Media and Technology Glossary

Journalism and Broadcasting

• Stringer: A freelance journalist.
• Shortlist: A list chosen from a longer list.
• Scoop: A story that one broadcaster (or newspaper, etc.) manages to get as an exclusive. This can often lead to a sharp rise in audience figures, as there is only one source of this information.
• Slot: A section in a radio or TV program which has a time allocated to it in a schedule.

Studio and Film Production

• Studio Manager: Ensures that the studio is organized in terms of bookings, equipment, and administration. They are often involved in the business side of the operations, making sure that they keep existing clients satisfied and attract new business to the studio.
• Set: An indoor location where the film is recorded.

Essential Media and Digital Terminology

Dry Version

A pre-recorded item that includes only the spoken word—that is, no music or sound effects.

Debriefing

A detailed discussion about work that has been done.

Deputy Editor

The second editor in line.

Desktop Publishing (DTP)

Based around a page layout program, which lets you import text from a word processor, clip art from graphics packages, and images from scanners or cameras, arranging them all on a page. It is used to design and publish books, newspapers, posters, advertisements, and more.

Digital Art / Computer Art

Art created with applications that use mathematical formulas to generate beautiful, bright shapes called fractals.

Drop Shadows

The shadow an object creates on a surface.

DivX

A format used... Continue reading "Essential Media and Digital Terminology Defined" »

English Grammar Essentials: Modals, Causatives, and Common Errors

Understanding Marginal Modal Verbs: Dare, Need, and Used To

Dare and Need are often referred to as ‘marginal modal verbs’ or ‘semi-modal verbs’. Their unique characteristic lies in their ability to function both as modal verbs and as full lexical verbs.

• As modal verbs (without 'to'):
  • He needn’t come.
  • He dare not say.
• As full lexical verbs (with 'to' in the infinitive, and requiring an auxiliary verb for negatives/questions):
  • He doesn’t need to come.
  • He doesn’t dare to say.

Used To is sometimes included in this group, also demonstrating dual usage:

• I used not to go clubbing. (Modal-like, though less common)
• I didn’t use to go clubbing. (Lexical verb usage)

Distinguishing Unnecessary