Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Word Order in English and Spanish

In English, we find:

• DETERMINER + adjective + noun
• Determiner + noun + adjective
• Adjective as subject complement
• Adjective as object complement (e.g., He made his wife happy)

In Spanish and English, the attributive function shows the following word orders:

• Spanish: Noun + adjective, Adjective + noun
• English: Adjective + noun, Noun + adjective

In English, there are several cases in which the position of adjectives is usually postnominal:

Indefinite pronouns ending in -body, -one, -thing, -where can be modified only postpositively.

Textual Equivalence

Aim: To explore how word order controls information flow and other strategies at the text level.

Cohesive Devices

Cohesive devices include reference, substitution, ellipsis,... Continue reading "Word Order, Cohesion, and Conjunction in English and Spanish" »

The Fan: More Than Just a Consumer

The term "fan," derived from "fanatic," carries connotations of excessive devotion. Media scholar Henry Jenkins challenges negative stereotypes of fans, arguing for their legitimate place within mass culture. In his book Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture (1992), Jenkins rejects common tropes, portraying fans as active participants rather than passive consumers.

Good Taste and Social Distinctions

Pierre Bourdieu's concept of "good taste" helps explain societal perceptions of fans. Notions of taste are not inherent but reflect dominant class interests, perpetuating social distinctions. However, fans disrupt this hierarchy by transforming from consumers into producers and manipulators... Continue reading "Fandoms: Active Producers in Media Culture" »

Thompson

Thompson was an historian with a Marxist background, whose interests of radical political works set him apart from other authors we studied. He, as Hoggart, followed culturalism, a perspective that stresses human agency, or the active production of culture, and not its passive consumption. His book The Making of the English Working Class embodies this term, since in it he traces the development of the English Working Class between the years 1780 and 1832, more or less the time encompassed by the Industrial Revolution. The book can be seen as a rescue operation of the members (especially radical ones) of the working class lost in the history lead by the deeds of monarchs, statesmen, military leaders and politicians. These other histories... Continue reading "The Making of the English Working Class: A Radical Perspective" »

What is a One-Way Function?

A one-way function is a function that is easy to compute in one direction but difficult to compute in the reverse. For example, given an input, a hash is easy to compute. However, given the output, it is extremely difficult (time-consuming) to determine the input.

What is a Trapdoor Function?

A trapdoor function is like a one-way function; however, a trapdoor function can reverse the one-way function if the trapdoor is known. For example, finding the two prime divisors of 6,895,601 is difficult. However, if you know that 1,931 is one of the numbers, it will be easy to divide 6,895,601 by 1,931 to determine the answer. In this case, 1,931 is the trapdoor.

What Makes RSA Difficult to Break?

The large number factorization... Continue reading "Understanding Cryptographic Functions and RSA Security" »

Core Principles of Nazi Ideology

The foundational beliefs that defined Nazism included:

• Authoritarianism

  Decisions should be made by a leader with almost absolute power.

• Totalitarianism

  They believed it was the government's duty not just to devise policy but to shape, coordinate, and regulate society for the betterment of the nation. A totalitarian government must have the authority to control the press and unions, restrict civil liberties and freedoms, manage education, and employ propaganda.

• Nationalism

  Nazism was concerned only with Germany and German interests. The Nazis had little interest in forming or improving international relationships, except to advance German interests.

• Militarism

  Hitler and his followers believed that rearming and expanding

Topic 1 — Language as Communication

2. Language as Communication

2.1. Language Definition

2.2. The Communication Process

2.3. Language as a Means of Communication

3. Oral and Written Language

3.1. Development of Oral and Written Language

3.2. Development and Improvement of Oral Language

3.3. Development and Improvement of Written Language

3.4. Characteristics of Oral and Written Language

3.5. Pedagogical Implications

4. Factors Defining a Communicative Situation

5. Functions of Language

6. Language in the Foreign Language Curriculum

Topic 2 — Communication in the English Classroom

2. Communication in the English Classroom

2.1. The Communication Process

2.2. Language as a Means of Communication

2.3. Verbal and Non-verbal Communication in the English Class

2.

Tercer rekorda:

Re: Third reminder letter regarding bill RefNOXX. Third payment reminder of invoice refno

Hereby I would like to remind you that as at today your arrent debt with us for the supply of our services/We are sorry to let you know that as at today we have not received any reply to any of our letters dated on 6^thPuesto k a dia de la fch no recib: Since as at today we have not received from you any of our two previous reminder letters. Nuestros 2rekord: Despite our two previous reminders of 2nd and 1st.Relativas al abono de la fact ref444 por un importe de: respectively about the payment of our invoice ref444 amounting to €44,4. Vencio ace mas de: it expired the past 15th januay / is now past due more than.. Deberia aver sido saldada:... Continue reading "Third Reminder Letter for Unpaid Invoice - Urgent Payment Request" »

Lecture 3: The Individual Businessperson

People: natural person who carries out a business activity in their own name and account. - Finances activity with personal funds or borrowing. - Capacity: must be of age and free to dispose of assets. - Particular Presumption: if a minor or incapacitated, representation is needed. Management: - Simple start-up process: no legal process required. - Investment: capital limits set by the entrepreneur. - Total control: bears all costs, management duties, investments. Disadvantages for individual businesses: 1. Taxing: pay more if profits are higher. 2. Liability for Debts: debtor is liable with all present and future assets. 3. Assets Subject to liability of the businessperson. 4. Economic Marriage Settlement:... Continue reading "Types of Business Entities and Legal Obligations" »

The Person

Definition

An entity with the capacity to have rights and obligations.

Individual Person (Natural Person)

• Start: Birth
• Extinction: Death
• Capacity:
  • Full (to have rights and obligations)
  • In action (capacity to enter into contracts on one's own)

Group of Persons (Legal Entities)

A group of different people joined together with a common purpose. There are two types of collective entities:

Associations of Public Interests:

Cannot divide profits among its members.

• Foundations: The aim cannot change.
• Associations: The aim can change.
• Corporations: Created by public authority, do not have shareholders, and have to provide an efficient public service.

Private Legal Entities:

Profit can be divided. These are commercial and civil legal entities.

• Start: Constitutional