Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Primary education

Tema 2 y 3

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Simple Present vs. Present Continuous:

• Corto (He cuts) - Ahora corta (Now she's cutting)
• Cortaba (He was cutting) - Ha estado cortando (He has been cutting)

Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Continuous:

• Ha cortado (He has cut) - Está acostumbrado a cortar (He is used to cutting)
• Suele cortar (He usually cuts) - Se acostumbrará a cortar (He'll get used to cutting)

Past Simple vs. Used to:

• Solía cortar (He used to cut) - Ahora dispara (Now she is shooting)
• Disparó (He shot) - Disparaba (He was shooting) - No solía disparar (He didn't use to shoot)

False Friends/Cognates

• Assist/ayudar = To help (not evacuate)
• Realize/ver, darse cuenta = To understand or become aware of (not panic)
• Advise/consejo = To give advice (not receive)

Rewrite

1. We

The SWW take place between 1939 and 1945.

It was called the total war because countries employed all the available resources to defeat the enemy, including human, military, economic, and scientific resources. War was waged against the whole population (military forces and civilian population).

Causes of World War II:

1. Nationalist Discontent: Germany was unhappy because of the Treaty of Versailles. This discontent gave rise to a desire to recover lost territories.
2. Economic Protectionism: During the Great Depression of the 1930s, European governments adopted protectionist policies to reduce imports. This increased tension between countries.
3. Expansionist Policies: Germany, Italy, and Japan wanted to expand their territories to acquire more raw materials

Introduction

In the 1950s, physicist Richard Feynman delivered a groundbreaking talk that sparked interest in the field of microscale fabrication. At the time, machines were large and electronics relied on bulky vacuum tubes. Feynman envisioned a different path, describing a field where little had been explored but held immense potential.

The Promise of Microscale Fabrication

Feynman's vision centered on manipulating and controlling matter at a tiny scale. He famously proposed that the entire Encyclopedia Britannica could be written on the head of a pin. By reducing the size of written text by 25,000 times, he argued that it could fit within the pin's surface area.

Technical Feasibility

Feynman explained how this miniaturization could be achieved... Continue reading "Richard Feynman's Vision: Microscale Fabrication and the Miniaturization of Information" »

French Revolution of 1789

The French Revolution (1789) was a complex process that ended the Ancien Régime and paved the way for a new liberal society and new ways of thinking and living.

Convocation of the Estates-General

King Louis XVI’s minister, Calonne, proposed that the nobility contribute to paying taxes. The nobility refused, leading to a serious political crisis and forcing Louis XVI to convene the Estates-General. This situation fueled widespread discontent, resulting in the creation of so-called Cahiers de doléances (notebooks of grievances). These notebooks highlighted the people’s discontent with the monarchy. Enlightened sectors of the bourgeoisie demanded equal representation in the Estates-General compared to the nobility... Continue reading "French Revolution of 1789: A Comprehensive Account" »

The Role of Congress and the President

22. In the United States, the executive branch, separate from Congress, is not dependent on majority support.

23. In the United States, it is more difficult for a government to fall, resulting in early legislative elections.

Parliamentary Systems

24. In a parliament, leaders can obtain ministerial jobs, but could fail to re-nominate disloyal members.

25. In the United States, congressional members have less party loyalty and do not risk losing their seats.

Presidential Elections

26. From the 1820s to the 1850s, presidential elections would be temporary and weaker.

27. Roughly from the 1830s to the 1850s, the Democratic Party was elected by popular vote and supported a stronger national government, a national bank,

Blog:

Short for weblog; a kind of diary on an internet website

Bottom-up processing:

When we try to understand a whole text, starting from finding the meaning of individual words and phrases (intentamos entender el texto completo buscando el significado de una palabra o frase)

Chants:

Rhythmic speaking (like a song without music) (cántico)

Chart:

A diagram with a lot of different information (gráfica, historial)

Cloze:

A text where text have blanks which have been chosen at random (aleatorio) (texto donde los espacios en blanco se han elegido aleatoriamente)

Collaborative writing:

When students work together to complete a writing

Communicative speaking activities:

An activity which makes students use speaking to communicate, rather than just practicing... Continue reading "Teaching English as a Second Language Glossary" »

Historical Context Before World War II

Asia and the Pacific

From a Western perspective, Japan was becoming increasingly important in the early 1900s, rapidly expanding its territory. In 1910, Japan occupied Korea, followed by Manchuria in 1931, establishing a puppet state under its control. Meanwhile, China was embroiled in a civil war between nationalists and communists. Japan seized this opportunity to invade China in 1930. The Second Sino-Japanese War officially began in 1937, prompting a temporary halt to the Chinese civil war as both sides united to fight against the Japanese invasion.

Europe

: in 1930 (hitler) Germany the Nazis had an Allie whit Italy (Benito Mussolini), heated by the communists and liked by the nationalist, 1938 the proces... Continue reading "The Road to World War II: From Aggression to Global Conflict" »

Key Events in Early American History (1784-1865)

Late 18th Century

• State of Franklin (John Sevier) - 1784-1790
• Shay's Rebellion - 1786-1787
• Federalists (Favor ratifying Constitution, strong central government)
• North Carolina Ratification Conventions (1 & 2) - 1788/1789
• Federalist/Democratic (Alexander Hamilton) - 1788 (Federalist Papers)
• Republicans (Thomas Jefferson) - 1790 (American political party)

Early 19th Century

• Dismal Swamp Canal - 1805 (Important route of commerce)
• Whiskey Rebellion - 1791 (Tax protest in US)
• Treaty of Greenville (Fallen Timbers) - 1814 (Treaty of Paris/Friendship US/Natives)
• Jay Treaty - 1794-1795 (Settle issues between US and Great Britain)
• Revolution of 1800 (Adams vs. Jefferson)
• Embargo Act - 1807
• War of 1812 (US and Great

26.The Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Criminal suspects must be informed of their Right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination Prior to questioning by the police.

27.The Supreme Court in the case United States v. Richard Nixon (1974) ruled that Nixon must

Give up evidence but he refused

28.As president, Jimmy Carter called for a foreign Policy that stressed the importance of

Human Rights

What Have scientists discovered about the DNA structure?

It is unique and it can be used to solve issues.

30.In 1992, severe rioting In Los Angeles began in response to the

Verdict in the trial of the police in the Rodney king beating

31.In 1979, the United States responded to the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan... Continue reading "A History of American Politics and Law from 1965 to 2002" »

Principle of Utility

The principle of utility states that actions or behaviors are right in so far as they promote happiness or pleasure, wrong as they tend to produce unhappiness or pain. Hence, utility is a teleological principle.

Act Utilitarianism

Act utilitarianism is a utilitarian theory of ethics which states that a person's act is morally right if and only if it produces the best possible results in that specific situation.

Rule Utilitarianism

Rule utilitarianism is a form of utilitarianism that says an action is right as it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good, or that 'the rightness or wrongness of a particular action is a function of the correctness of the rule of which it is an instance'.

Euthanasia

Euthanasia (from Greek:... Continue reading "Understanding Utilitarianism, Euthanasia, and Ethical Theories" »