Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Common Expressions

• be bound to: ser/estar seguro de que
• down to earth: con los pies en la tierra, realista, práctico
• get training: prepararse, formarse, recibir formación
• (have got) common sense: (tener) sentido común
• in charge of: a cargo de
• odd jobs: trabajillos, trabajos esporádicos
• run away: escaparse, marcharse
• see the point: encontrar/ver el sentido, entender el porqué
• steady job: trabajo fijo
• work well under pressure: trabajar bien bajo presión

Financial Terms

• Bankruptcy: banca rota, quiebra.
• Corporation tax: impuesto de sociedades (empresas...).
• Inheritance tax: impuesto de sucesiones (por heredar).
• Tax rebate: devolución fiscal.
• Postal order: giro postal.
• Miscellaneous costs: gastos diversos.
• Contingent expenses: gastos imprevistos.
• Wage: salario.

English Vocabulary for Employment and the Workplace

Adjectives for Work and Professions

• Alert: alerta / despierto
• Overworked: explotado laboralmente
• Prepared: preparado
• Realistic: realista
• Relaxing: relajante
• Skilled: experto
• Stressed: estresado
• Stressful: estresante
• Successful: exitoso
• Superb: magnífico
• Understaffed: falta de personal
• Unhappy: infeliz
• Unique: único
• Vocational: profesional
• Well-paid: bien pagado

Adverbs in a Professional Context

• Offshore: costa afuera / en alta mar
• Professionally: profesionalmente

Nouns Related to Jobs and Careers

• Application: solicitud
• Balance: balance / equilibrio
• Commitment: compromiso / entrega / obligación
• Company: empresa / compañía
• Continuity: continuidad / duración / permanencia
• Convention: convención / convenio
• Co-worker:

Incremental Development Phases

Starting point: Definition of all requirements, general and preliminary project. This involves the choice of a subset of the system’s functions, followed by the detailed project and implementation of the system’s part implementing those chosen functions. Finally, testing of the completed part of the system and delivery to the client occurs, followed by a repetition of the process.

The Spiral Model Methodology

Planning and Objective Setting

Specific objectives for that phase of the project are defined. Constraints on the process and the product are identified, and a detailed management plan is drawn up. Project risks are identified, and alternative strategies may be planned.

Risk Analysis and Reduction

For each identified... Continue reading "Spiral, Incremental, and Prototyping SDLC Models" »

Leavisite Critique of Mass Culture

The Pre-Industrial Ideal vs. Mass Civilization

The Leavises argued that everything was different prior to the Industrial Revolution. As an example, the world of Shakespeare's contemporaries was one that boasted an organic, vital, common culture; the Industrial Revolution was seen as shattering the unity of this healthy organic, common culture. Mass civilization was characterized by increasing commercialism and declining standards. So, the Leavises associated the consumption of mass culture with passive diversion.

Consequences of Industrial Culture

There were, according to the Leavises, important consequences for the definition of culture. Given the worst effects of industrial culture, there was a need for society... Continue reading "Leavisite Critique of Mass Culture and Cultural Standards" »

English Vocabulary

Compound Adjectives

• Badly-dressed
• Fair-skinned
• Big-headed
• Free-spirited
• Blue-eyed
• Fun-loving
• Curly-haired
• Good-looking
• Easy-going
• Self-confident

Places and Lifestyles

• Dangerous - Safe
• Busy - Quiet
• Unfriendly - Welcoming
• Lively - Dull
• Green - Polluted
• Poor - Wealthy
• Historic - Modern
• Urban - Rural

Life Stages

• Grow up (in Spain)
• Fall in love (with someone)
• Get married (to someone)
• Leave home / school / university
• To / Degree / Of

Opinion, Belief, and Prediction

• How old do you reckon he is?
• Liam doubts your idea will work.
• Jane estimates she has spent $200.
• On the last question, I guessed the wrong answer.
• We can't predict what will happen next year.

Time Expressions

• I tried to explain... waste of time, they didn't...
• We finished our homework and spent the rest

Long-Term Growth Inequality: The Malthusian Trap

Global inequality is not just a difference between countries; it also exists within the same country. While disparities between nations have grown, inequality within individual countries has also risen. OECD nations tend toward equality, as described by the Kuznets Curve, which relates GDP (economic growth) to inequality (Gini coefficient). Modern economics suggests that inequality initially increases, reaches a peak, and then decreases. Reasons for this include:

• Initial GDP is used primarily for basic subsistence.
• Racial diversity.
• Colonial history.
• Migration as a primary solution.

Evolution of Inequality

During the second wave of globalization, human capital became more significant, and protectionism... Continue reading "Global Income Inequality: Trends, Drivers, and Measurement" »

Key Figures and Events of World War I

• Archduke Ferdinand: The person whose assassination led to the start of World War I.
• Neutral Countries: Nations that maintained neutrality throughout World War I.
• Britain: The country that wanted to maintain its naval influence at the beginning of WWI.
• Triple Alliance: A pre-WWI alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
• Woodrow Wilson: The President who led the creation of the League of Nations.
• Militarism: A WWI cause that led countries to build more and more weapons.
• Ottoman Empire: The southeastern empire that disappeared after WWI.
• Finland: A country that became independent after the Treaty of Versailles.
• United States: A major power that entered WWI in 1917.
• Kaiser Wilhelm II: The leader of Germany

Common Verb Phrases and Vocabulary

• 1. Cook dinner
• 2. Study economics
• 3. Speak German
• 4. Read a newspaper
• 5. Sorry
• 6. Glasses
• 7. Homework
• 8. Animals
• 9. A new car
• 10. An umbrella

Present Simple Sentence Completion

2. A lot of American people have pets. / It doesn't rain. / They live. / The sun shines. / He doesn't cook. / She doesn't wear. 8. They need. 9. It makes. 10. They don't do.

Negative and Affirmative Verb Forms

1. I don't play (not play) tennis.
2. They don't go (not go) to the movies.
3. He has (have).
4. She doesn't work (not work).
5. It rains.
6. They live.
7. I don't speak.
8. We study.
9. They don't.

Third Person Singular Verb Endings

1. Say / Take: add "s".
2. Do / Go: add "es".
3. Drink / Live: s / s.
Patterns: s, es, es, s, s, es, es, es.

Job

Fixed Costs

Fixed costs are not a function of the output. They do not vary with the output. They cannot be avoided until the operation of the firm is closed. They are contractual (prime).

Recurring and Non-Recurring Costs

• Recurring: Predetermined expenses for running the business, e.g., salaries, repairs, maintenance.
• Non-Recurring: Not predetermined, regular budgeting, e.g., repair of a machine. Sometimes it is also planned.

Cost Estimation

Cost estimation is the process of finding an estimate, an approximation of a value, which will be used for some purpose, though it is completely uncertain and unstable. Estimation is typically a value from statistics used to estimate the value of a corresponding population parameter.

Learning Curve

The learning... Continue reading "Cost Estimation and Management Decision Areas in Business" »