Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Primary education

Understanding Electrostatics

Electrostatics is the branch of physics that studies the phenomena produced by charges that do not vary or move.

History of Electrostatics

6th century BC: The Greeks discovered the electrical properties of amber. When rubbed, it could attract light objects.

18th century: Benjamin Franklin conducted experiments with different materials and observed that rubbed materials could either attract or repel each other.

Franklin's Theory of Electricity

• There are only two types of electricity: positive and negative.
• Electricity is a sort of fluid present in all objects and it can flow from one object to another by rubbing them.
• When there's an excess of electricity, objects have positive electricity, and when there's a lack of electricity,

Consonants. In phonetic materials, the noun "consonant" has the following meanings: a consonant sound; a letter representing a consonant sound in writing. Consonants are speech sounds produced by creating an obstruction (completely or partially) in the mouth for the air flow from the lungs, or the mouth passage is so narrow that the air is expelled with audible friction. There are 20 consonant letters in the English alphabet. They represent 24 consonant sounds.

Consonants are generally classified according to three basic dimensions:

1. The state of the glottis. This refers to whether or not the vocal cords vibrate in the production of the sound. If the vocal cords vibrate, the resulting sound will be voiced; if they don’t vibrate, the sound will

The English Vowel System

In phonetics, "vowel" refers to a vowel sound or a letter representing it in writing. Vowels are speech sounds produced without obstructing airflow from the lungs, allowing breath to pass freely through the mouth. Vowels are always voiced (vocal cords vibrate).

The English alphabet has six vowel letters: a, e, i, o, u, y (or five if Y is considered a consonant). Y can represent a consonant/semivowel (yes, yard) or a vowel (mystery, try, play). All vowel sounds together form the vowel system.

Essential Elements in Vowel Sound Classification

• Tongue Position: Front, back, and central vowels.
• Tongue Height: Close and open vowels.
• Lip Position: Rounded and unrounded vowels.
• Spread vowels.
• Close and open lip-rounding.

The Received... Continue reading "Understanding the English Vowel System: A Comprehensive Analysis" »

• Even in this place where there is no competition for power (the king is absolute) nor for goods (they are common), there is still a place for malice (cf. XII.35).
• Rasselas's encounter with the aeronautical engineer (VI) provides a pattern that is repeated throughout the narrative.
• The engineer's project would have seemed futile to Johnson's contemporaries: The attempt at human flight, though rational, is doomed to failure; the engineer's fall into the lake is typical of all human aspirations.
• The story of Imlac also prefigures the rest of the narrative: Though his father aspires only to the increase of wealth, Imlac recognizes that his own desire for the increase of knowledge does not bring him happiness.
• The possession of knowledge cannot prevent

Verbs Followed by 'to' + Infinitive

Certain verbs are commonly followed by the infinitive form with "to." These include:

• Afford
• Expect
• Intend (plan)
• Refuse
• Agree
• Fail
• Learn
• Prepare
• Seem
• Appear
• Forget
• Manage
• Pretend
• Want
• Attempt
• Help
• Need
• Promise
• Wish
• Decide
• Hope
• Offer
• Propose
• Would like

Verbs Followed by Object + Infinitive

Some verbs require an object before the infinitive. Examples are:

• Advise
• Allow
• Ask
• Expect
• Encourage
• Forbid
• Force
• Invite
• Persuade
• Prefer
• Order
• Help
• Remind
• Recommend
• Teach
• Tell
• Want
• Warn
• Would like

For instance, "I asked them to come."

After Adjectives and Adverbs

Infinitives are used after adjectives and adverbs, especially with "too" (too much) or "enough" (sufficient).

For example, "It's easy to learn." or "She is too young to get married."

After "is/was + adjective + of

Causative Exercises

Fill in the blanks with the correct causative form:

- Why can't we meet tomorrow morning?

I'm having my nails done at the beauty salon.

- What did Jane do with her dog when she was away?

She had her dog walked in the mornings.

- Why is Britney talking to checkout?

She wants to have the shopping delivered to her home.

- There's a virus on our computer.

We must have it repaired immediately.

- What did you do with that letter?

I had it translated by my friend.

- It's a beautiful photo. I'm going to have the photo enlarged.

- An artist... She is having her portrait painted.

- Bob's hair has just been cut. Bob has just had his hair cut.

- He paid a lorry... He had the car towed.

- His tooth hurts... Have his tooth checked.

- I don't clean the... Continue reading "Causative, Passive, Relative Clauses & Vocabulary Practice" »

Characteristics of Sexual Reproduction

Human reproduction is sexual. This means that it's necessary for two individuals of different sexes to take part.

1. Each sex produces a different type of sex cell or gamete.
2. Fertilization is internal; it takes place inside the female reproductive system.
3. We are viviparous; the fetus grows in the mother's womb.
4. We are sexually dimorphic. This means that males and females have physical differences. This happens in many species.

Process of Reproduction

1. Gametogenesis: formation of the gametes.
2. Fertilization: joining of the male and female gametes.
3. Embryo Development: cell division and differentiation.
4. Childbirth: birth of the baby.
5. Development: cells increase and mature.

Changes in Adolescence

Adolescence begins with puberty,... Continue reading "Human Reproduction: Characteristics, Process, and Systems" »

Legal Terms Glossary

A

Adjournment

A pause or rest during a formal meeting or trial, or the act of giving a pause or rest.

Adjudication

A legal ruling or judgment that is typically final.

Adversarial System

A system by which the accused and the accuser present their arguments in court to be decided by a third party.

Affidavit

A type of verified statement or showing.

Appeals

The process of applying to a higher court for the reversal of the decision of a lower court.

Aquittal

To free someone from a criminal charge by a verdict of not guilty.

Arraignment

The scheduled appearance where the accused either pleads guilty or not guilty.

C

Claimant

Complainant.

Conditional Sentence

Jail in the community; the offender serves the sentence outside of jail.

Cross-Examination

The... Continue reading "Legal Terms Glossary: From Adversarial System to Transcript" »

IKEA Customer Service: Complaint Handling

A: Hello, IKEA, Mary Black speaking. How may I help you?

B: Hello, this is Carlos Cotta from Notary's Office. I'm afraid I have a serious complaint. I would like to speak with Mr. X, please.

A: Okay, I will put him through. Wait a moment, please.

C: Hello, Mr. X speaking. How can I help you, Mr. Cotta?

B: Hello, Mr. X! I ordered some furniture and I have received the wrong furniture.

C: I apologize most sincerely, Mr. Cotta. Please give me the order details, and we'll replace the correct furniture within 24 hours. We will also send you a discount for future orders.

B: Okay, thanks. I hope this won't happen again.

C: I'll be in touch with you, Mr. Cotta, in the next few hours to confirm that everything is all... Continue reading "IKEA Customer Service: Handling Complaints & Workplace Vocabulary" »

Classical Management Theory

Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management

Key Principles of Taylorism:

• Scientific Study of Work: Tasks should be scientifically studied to identify the most efficient methods for performing them. This involves breaking down complex tasks into smaller, simpler steps and analyzing each step.
• Division of Labor: Dividing work between management and workers. Managers are responsible for the planning and scientific analysis of work processes, while workers are tasked with executing the standardized methods.
• Standardization of Tools and Techniques: Taylor emphasized the use of standardized tools and techniques to minimize variability and optimize efficiency.
• Time and Motion Studies: Taylor conducted time and motion studies to