Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

1. How would you characterize public and private law?

Public law deals with issues that affect the general public or state, society as a whole. Including Administrative law, Constitutional laws, Criminal laws, Municipal laws and International laws.

On the other hand, private law affects the rights and obligations of individuals, families, businesses and small groups and exists to assist citizens in disputes that involve private matters, which includes Contract law, Tort law - rights, obligations and remedies provided to someone who has been wronged by another individual, Property law, Succession law - governs the transfer of an estate between parties And Family law.

2. Which are the major branches of private law?

Private law deals with the mutual... Continue reading "Understanding Public and Private Law: Major Branches and Functions" »

Road Curve Geometry and Calculations

Note: D is not Delta (Δ).

(Culverts used in road construction should be at least 15 inches in diameter.)

Determining Degree of Curve (D)

When choosing D, round the result to the closest number divisible by 4.

• D = External (E) of a one-degree curve / Desired E
• D = Tangent (T) of a one-degree curve / Desired T
• D = 100 * Delta (Δ) / Desired Length (L)
• D = (Radius * Degree) / R

Curve Formulas

• Radius (R): R = 5729.65 / D
• Tangent (T): T = (T of 1 degree curve, using Δ) / D
• External (E): E = (External, using Δ) / D
• Length (L): L = (100 * Δ) / D
• Long Chord (LC): LC = 2R * sin(Δ / 2)

Stationing and Layout

• PC Station: PI - T

  *Nomenclature Example: 6+55.55 should be expressed as 655.55*

• PT Station: PC + L
• Deflection Angle: Deflection

Core Traits of Philosophers

• Lovers of wisdom
• Seekers of truth
• Reasonable
• Critically minded
• Questioning
• Curious
• Objective

Philosophers are generally *not* selfish, closed-minded, pessimistic, reckless individuals, or uninterested.

What is Wisdom?

Wisdom is the ability to use knowledge and intelligence for practical purposes.

Key Fields of Philosophy

• The study of ultimate reality: Metaphysics
• The limits of human knowledge: Epistemology
• The science of reasoning: Logic
• The study of morals: Ethics
• The study of society: Social/Political Philosophy
• The study of values: Axiology
• The study of beauty and art: Aesthetics

Etymology of Philosophy

• Philos ("love") + Sophia ("wisdom")

Stoicism

Key Figures in Stoicism

• Founder of Stoicism, taught in Athens: Zeno
• Created the system

Understanding the Church and Sacraments

The Four Marks of the Church

• One: Unity in Faith

  We are bound together, united in Christ.

• Holy: Sacredness and Divine Presence

  We are sacred, bringing God into ourselves.

• Catholic: Universal Reach

  Universal; encompassing all people and places.

• Apostolic: Tracing Our Roots

  Our roots trace back to the very beginning, to the Apostles.

Dimensions of Church Sacraments

• Memorial: Remembering God's Presence

  Sacraments help us remember that God is present with us at all times and has acted for our benefit in the past.

• Celebration: Worship and Thanksgiving

  All seven sacraments are rituals that give worship and thanks to God.

• Communion: Connection with Christ and Community

  • Christ and the Church
  • Other Catholics
  • People throughout the

TRANSITION WORDS - ANSWERS

REASONS

• The film star wore dark glasses SO NOBODY recognized him.
• You should take your car to the mechanic BECAUSE it may break down.
• The trains didn’t operate DUE TO a heavy snowfall
• She was imprisoned SINCE her accomplice made a full confession to the police.
• The thief didn’t want to leave any fingerprints SO he wore gloves.
• The show was cancelled BECAUSE OF her illness.
• The judge didn’t send him to jail DUE TO HIS YOUTH.
• The five-cent coin looks very Canadian SINCE it has a picture of a beaver on it.

CONTRAST

• ALTHOUGH The book is very long, I’m going to try to read it before next week.
• DESPITE THE FACT THAT HE CAUSED the problem, she’s the one who solved it.
• EVEN THOUGH Volkswagen cars are cheap, they last a long

Mastering Conditionals: As Long As, Even If, Unless

As Long As, Even If, Providing That, Unless:

• Unless: Substitutes the negative part of a sentence.
• Example: We'll be late IF we DON'T leave now // We'll be late UNLESS we leave now.
• Even if: Used to avoid negative verb forms.
• Example: The workers won't strike IF their wages are increased // The workers will strike EVEN IF their wages are increased.
• Providing that or as long as: Substitutes "but only if."

Understanding Conditionals

• First Conditional: (if + Present Simple) + (will + infinitive) /// (will + infinitive) + (if + Present Simple). Used to talk about possible or probable future events or to make promises.

Modal Verbs in First Conditional

Used for possibility: may/might

Used for permission: can

Used... Continue reading "Mastering English Conditionals, Gerunds, and Infinitives" »

Vocabulary

1. AMBIGUITY: Doubtfulness or uncertainty as regards interpretation.
2. NEPOTISM: Giving jobs to relatives.
3. ETHNOCENTRIC: The belief in the inherent superiority of one's own culture.
4. INVEST: To put money, time, or feelings into something.
5. ENLIGHTENMENT: Clear thinking that is free from delusion.
6. COURTSHIP: Time when one person pursues the other for marriage.
7. DECLINE: To reduce or to say no.
8. UNPREDICTABLE: Something that behaves in unexpected ways.
9. BRANCH OUT: To expand or extend, as in business activities.
10. SECULARISM: The view that public education and other matters of civil policy should be conducted without religious elements.
11. BIAS: Inclination, prejudice, viewpoint.
12. CONTROVERSY: A prolonged public dispute, debate, or contention.
13. STEREOTYPE: Opinion

Enhance your communication skills by understanding these key English words and phrases, complete with clear definitions and practical examples.

Outnumber

Definition: To be more in number than another group.

Example: In nursing, women still outnumber men by four to one.

Involving

Definition: Holding the attention or provoking interest.

Example: This is an involving book that you won't be able to put down.

Gripping

Definition: A gripping film, story, etc., is very exciting and interesting.

Example: The artwork is excellent and the story is quite gripping.

Dull

Definition: Boring.

Example: The book was so dull that I couldn't keep on reading it.

Moving

Definition: Making you feel strong emotions, especially sadness or sympathy.

Example: Attending the memorial

4.4. Neoliberal Industrial Policy: From vertical policies to horizontal measures and Structural Reforms (labour market reform, services’ reform, etc) since the 1970s

We shall look first at what actually happened, and later we will talk about the alternative and possible Keynesian alternative. In the wake of a shrinking working class, there was an important change in industrial policy since the 1980s. It began in the late 1970s with Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan in the UK and US. Curiously, it was social democrat parties in Europe who produced the change.

Then, in 1982 Latin American countries were facing the debt crisis, and they were forced to open their economies and apply neoliberal policies. It was the end of the Third World project

Economic Driving Forces and Game Changers

Understanding Labor Productivity and TFP

• Employment is a major political concern, but labor productivity is also important.
• Labor productivity can be improved by the capital ratio (K/L, machinery to labor ratio), or by rises in Total Factor Productivity (TFP).
• Total Factor Productivity (TFP) is the product of improvements in technological innovation, human capital, and management competencies.

The Golden Age (1944–1970) and Subsequent Slowdown

• The **Golden Age (1944–1970)** saw many technological advances: electricity, the internal combustion engine, running water, communications, chemicals, petroleum, etc. This led to the development of knowledge-intensive branches, such as Information and Communication