Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Core Principles of Economic Thinking

• The Economic Way of Thinking: A set of basic concepts that helps one understand human choices. It stresses that incentives matter, meaning individuals respond in predictable ways to changes in personal costs and benefits.
• Primary Assumption: Economic analysis assumes that changes in the personal benefits and costs associated with a choice will exert a predictable influence on human behavior.
• Example of Incentives: If a college enforces a new policy where anyone caught cheating is immediately expelled, the basic postulate of economics suggests that fewer students will attempt to cheat.
• Secondary Effects: A good economist considers not only the immediate, apparent effects of a change but also the secondary effects—unintended

The Development of World War I

1914 was a new crisis in the Balkans which damaged Europe.

The outbreak of conflict

The Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian crown was assassinated by a Bosnian Serb nationalist terrorist group called Black Hand. Austria declared war on Serbia, starting the game of alliances between central powers and triple entente. The working class was pacifist and anti-war, everything happened so fast and they decided to go to war. Those who were opposed were persecuted and punished.

War of movement and trench warfare

The Schlieffen plan decided to attack against Paris invading Belgium. The Germans wanted to invade France but the French army managed to stop the advance in the Battle of the Marne. German strategy had failed,... Continue reading "The Development of World War I: Causes, Alliances, and Trench Warfare" »

The Independence of Spanish America

In the last years of the reign of Ferdinand VII, the independence of the Spanish colonies in America took place. The process was advanced by the criollos, dissatisfied with their political marginalization, the high taxes, and the social discrimination they faced compared to peninsular Spaniards. It was driven by the spread of European liberal and revolutionary ideas and by military aid from the United States and the United Kingdom. It was carried out in two stages:

• The first stage (1810-1814) coincided with the War of Independence, during which revolutionary juntas displayed tendencies that favored independence, led by Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín. They were repressed after the return of Ferdinand

Minutes: Page 35

Visitor Management

BG opened the meeting by reminding attendees that visitor numbers are strictly monitored. She stated that the number of ship passengers, the duration of their stay, and sites visited are recorded meticulously. She also pointed out that each ship receives a compulsory site schedule from the park, and visitors are not allowed free access to sensitive sites.

Sustainable Tourism Concerns

LC acknowledged that this scheme had been beneficial but felt that there should be an annual limit to the number of tourists. He warned that the present situation was unsustainable and urged the meeting to take action to protect the islands from further degradation. JB confirmed that this was indeed the case and was worried about... Continue reading "Sustainable Tourism and Visitor Management in the Galapagos Islands" »

Architectural Splendor: Describing an 18th-Century Palace Interior

The scene depicts a magnificent, enclosed space, defined by four imposing walls and a soaring roof—likely the central hall of a grand palace. The focal point is an immense, high staircase that dramatically splits into two separate paths.

18th-Century Grandeur and Design

The architecture of this staircase, supported by massive pillars, strongly suggests an 18th-century design. Ascending to the second floor provides access to the palace's various rooms.

Detailed Decorations and Features

• Second Floor Walls: The walls and pillars on the upper level are richly decorated with paintings and drawings, illustrating historical narratives of the era.
• Ceiling Feature: The roof culminates in

Common Health and Medical Terms

1. The flu is a very contagious disease.
2. Some people have a flu vaccine in winter.
3. If you fall and break an arm, you need to have an X-ray.
4. If you cut yourself badly, you must have stitches.
5. I felt dizzy and nearly fainted.
6. The doctor told him to take off the bandage because the wound needed fresh air.
7. His temperature went up to 38º.
8. Nurses look after patients when they are in hospital.

Shopping, Money, and Consumer Vocabulary

9. Money in notes and coins is cash.
10. A reduction in price is also called a discount.
11. Something attached to a product with information about it: label.
12. A document from a shop showing how much you paid: receipt.
13. A person who is addicted to shopping: shopaholic.
14. Someone who looks for products with a discount:

Passive Voice: Transforming Sentences

Examples of Passive Voice Sentences

1. The garages in my street are cleaned by us every day.
2. A lot of money has been given to him (by someone).
3. Two hundred people were arrested by the police.
4. The words were written by Paul and the music was made by John.
5. Every car engine is checked by us thoroughly.
6. This computer is exported by us to seventy different countries.
7. The factory was opened (by us) at nine o’clock.
8. Two million books are sent (by them) to America every year.
9. Two million books are sent by Macmillan to America every year.
10. It is thought that the world’s climate is changing.
11. It is said that car prices will rise next year.

Vocabulary: Health and Illness

1. Complete the sentences with the best options:

• Ruth had a

Grammar Unit 3

A new form of treatment is being tested by scientists.

No major company has cloned a human being yet.

The plane was invented by two American brothers.

She must have been given the wrong medicine. That’s why she looks so ill.

Nobody had carried out such a complicated operation before.

The students were being told to evacuate the building when we got there.

The hotel will have served dinner by now. We’ve missed it.

Rewrite the sentences in the passive form. Omit the agent.

Researchers have discovered a new cure for cancer. A NEW CURE FOR CANCER HAS BEEN DISCOVERED.

Someone must clean all the equipment after every experiment. ALL THE EQUIPMENT MUST BE CLEANED AFTER EVERY EXPERIMENT.

Someone is showing the researchers around the lab. THE... Continue reading "Grammar Unit 3: Passive Voice and Sentence Transformation" »

Purpose of Analysis

Investigating Information System Problems

The main purpose of the analysis stage is to investigate problems within an information system. The solution might involve improvements to the existing system or the creation of a completely new one.

Understanding the Existing System

Systems analysts tasked with investigating the current system may not be familiar with how the organization operates. They need to thoroughly examine the present system to determine user requirements. This involves understanding the purpose of the business or organization and its existing system in terms of inputs, processing, and outputs.

Identifying Constraints

The analysis stage also includes identifying any constraints that might impact the new system.... Continue reading "The Systems Development Life Cycle" »