Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Primary education

4.4. Neoliberal Industrial Policy: From vertical policies to horizontal measures and Structural Reforms (labour market reform, services’ reform, etc) since the 1970s

We shall look first at what actually happened, and later we will talk about the alternative and possible Keynesian alternative. In the wake of a shrinking working class, there was an important change in industrial policy since the 1980s. It began in the late 1970s with Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan in the UK and US. Curiously, it was social democrat parties in Europe who produced the change.

Then, in 1982 Latin American countries were facing the debt crisis, and they were forced to open their economies and apply neoliberal policies. It was the end of the Third World project

4.3. Driving Forces and Game Changers

• Employment is a major political concern, but labour productivity is also important.

Labour productivity can be improved by the capital ratio (K/L, machinery to labour ratio), or by rises in total factor productivity (TFP).

Work total factor productivity (TFP) is the product of improvements in technology innovation, human capital, and management competences.

Golden days: 1944-1970. Many technological advances: electricity, internal combustion engine, running water, communications, chemicals, petroleum, etc. This led to the development of knowledge-intensive branches like ICT (Information and Communication Technologies).

Productivity is increasing more slowly since the 1970s than during the Golden Age, in part... Continue reading "Driving Forces and Game Changers: The Transition from Industry to Services" »

Central Banks and Shadow Banking

Competencies of Central Banks

• Monetary Policy (open market operations)
• Exchange Policy
• Lender of Last Resort
  • Bank of Banks
  • Bank of the State (In the US but not in Europe)
• Supervision of the Financial System

Banks create credit, money, and thus purchasing power. The ability to create credit and purchasing power, for good or ill purposes, is not unique to banks.

Shadow banking activities can create credit and money equivalents outside the normal banking sector. Central banks have not been able to counter the unsustainable shadow banking boom and have lost the capacity to control the quantity of money.

History of the Spanish Financial System

The modern history of Spanish banking begins in 1856. The Parliament approved two... Continue reading "Central Banks, Shadow Banking, and Spanish Financial History" »

Endangered Animals

Post-War Monetary System Talks

The initial talks on reconstructing a postwar international monetary system started between the United States and United Kingdom as early as 1941. The lead negotiators were Harry Dexter White for the USA and John Maynard Keynes for the British. Given the US economic and political dominance at the end of the war, it is not surprising that the eventual system reflected more the US proposals. The system that emerged was ratified at an international monetary conference held at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, attended by some 44 countries, although some commentators dubbed the conference as a meeting of 1.5 nations (the USA and the UK!).

Bretton Woods Institutions

The Bretton Woods Agreement created three institutions:

• The

Cold Weather Activities

1P 1/2 Very cold - they freeze - hovercraft and dog sled - they single

Future Plans

Darwinism

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)

Basic Principles of Darwinism

1. Individuals within a population have anatomical, physiological, and behavioral differences.
2. Each species produces more offspring than can survive to reproductive age, leading to competition.
3. Competition for resources (struggle for existence) explains why many offspring die.
4. Natural selection favors individuals with advantageous variations.
5. Surviving individuals pass favorable variations to their offspring.

Survival of the Fittest

Individuals with favorable characteristics survive and become more common, potentially leading to new species over generations.

Example: Giraffes

1. Giraffes initially had varied neck and leg lengths.
2. Natural selection favored

Civil Rights and Unrest

Passive Voice

Instructions:

1. are usually transported
2. was driven
3. wasn't told
4. have been changed
5. is being repaired
6. are being told
7. be unplugged
8. is often added
9. have been received
10. had been wrongly

1. has to be charged
2. wasn't blamed
3. could have been finished
4. was no longer being sent
5. was bombed
6. was always sold
7. had been sent away
8. hasn't been sent away
9. may be flooded
10. be properly set up

Grammar

Structural Design Patterns

Decorator - Adds additional functionality to a class

Adapter - 'adapts' one interface for a class into one that the client expects

Façade - creates a simplified interface from an existing one

Flyweight - A high quantity of objects share common properties to save space.

Bridge - decouples an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently.

Behavioral Design Patterns

Chain of Responsibility - Linked list of handlers

Command - Enables all the info for a request to be contained within a single object.

Interpreter - Developing domain specific languages

Iterator - Sequentially access elements of an aggregate object.

Mediator - Removes the need for classes to communicate with each other directly.

Observer... Continue reading "Structural and Behavioral Design Patterns in Software Development" »

hearing, sigth(vista),smell,taste,touch. Blinding(cegador),Brigth(brillante),crunchy,dark,deafening,faint(suave),Fragant,hard,rich(abundante),rough(aspero),silent,slimy(empalagoso),smooth(suave),soft(blando),spicy,stinky,sweet. Feel(sentir),gaze(mirada),hear,listen, look,savour, see,smell,sniff,stroke(acariciar),swallow,taste,touch,watch. Additional,adventurous, basic, careful, cautius, countless, medical, noisy, original, painful, practical, slimy,stilnky,traditional, universal, active, agreeable, different, dominant, insistent, pleasant. Come together(reunirse), dress up(disfrazarse), hand out(repartir), international, join in(participar), local, multicultural, pack out(llenar), put on(ponerse),religius,secular, set off(provocar, traditional,... Continue reading "Sensory Experiences, Language, Culture, and Fashion: A Comprehensive Guide" »