Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Two-State Actuarial Model

The Two-State Model (also known as the Dead-Alive or Binary Model) is a fundamental actuarial framework used to represent processes that exist in one of two possible states, such as Alive/Dead or Working/Retired. It is widely utilized in life insurance and pension modeling to estimate the probability of transition between states. The model assumes that at any given time, an individual occupies only one state, allowing actuaries to calculate premiums, reserves, and expected present values by simplifying complex uncertainties into binary outcomes.

Core Assumptions

• Binary States: The system exists in only one of two states at any time.
• Markov Property: Transitions depend solely on the current state.
• Constant Probabilities:

This revision sheet covers essential concepts for Advanced Web Designing and Advanced JavaScript exams, designed for effective last-minute study.

🧠 Advanced Web Design & JavaScript Revision

1. Fill in the Blanks (10 Marks)

1. HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language.
2. CSS is used for styling web pages.
3. The <div> tag is a block-level element.
4. The <span> tag is an inline element.
5. External CSS files use the .css extension.
6. JavaScript is a client-side scripting language.
7. The <script> tag is used to embed JavaScript code in HTML.
8. document.write() is used to print content on a web page.
9. var, let, and const are used to declare variables in JavaScript.
10. The href attribute is used in the <a> tag to link to another page.

2. True or False

Diabetes Mellitus Essentials

• Type 1: Autoimmune, insulin-dependent, early onset.
• Type 2: Insulin resistance, gradual onset, linked to diet/weight.
• Diagnosis: Fasting glucose >126 mg/dL, HbA1c.
• Metformin: Hold before contrast dye; risk of lactic acidosis.

Hypoglycemia vs. Hyperglycemia

• Hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL): Shaky, sweaty, confused, hungry.
• Hyperglycemia: Headache, nausea, fruity breath.
• Treatment: Juice/glucose if conscious; glucagon or D50 if unconscious.

Insulin Types and Administration

• Rapid-acting (Lispro): Onset 10–15 min, eat immediately after injection.
• Short-acting (Regular): Onset 30–60 min.
• Intermediate-acting (NPH): Peak 4–12 hr (cloudy appearance).
• Long-acting (Glargine): No peak, lasts 24 hr.
• Mixing Insulin: Clear (Regular) before

Living Our Values: Building a Better World From Within

In my daily life, I try to practice the values of Love, Truth, Right Conduct, Peace, and Non-Violence. These values are not just ideas; they are actions that help us grow as people and build better communities.

For example, I show love by supporting my friends emotionally and volunteering when others need help. I’ve learned that helping others can change their day and make a big difference. I believe that right conduct means being honest, punctual, and responsible in school and work. It also means being organized and keeping my expenses in order (Unit 1 - Personal Banking).

In my leadership roles, I have learned to listen carefully, speak with respect, and try to solve problems with peaceful... Continue reading "Practicing Core Values for Community Improvement" »

This document presents two distinct approaches to solving the Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) using Prolog: an exact, brute-force method and a heuristic-based Nearest Neighbor algorithm. Both implementations are demonstrated with code and sample queries.

Exact Solver: Brute-Force TSP Algorithm

This section details a Prolog program that finds the optimal (shortest) path for the Traveling Salesperson Problem by generating and evaluating all possible tours. This method guarantees the optimal solution but can be computationally intensive for larger sets of cities.

Defining City Distances in Prolog

The distances between cities are defined using dist/3 facts. The predicate is made symmetric to ensure that dist(X,Y,D) implies dist(Y,X,D).

dist(a,b,

Core Java Programming Concepts Explained

Key Java Definitions

• Exception: An event that disrupts the normal flow of a program's instructions.
• Thread: A lightweight subprocess enabling multitasking within a program.
• Event Handling: Implemented using listeners and event classes that respond to user actions.
• Applet: A small Java program embedded in a web page for interactive content.
• Remote Applets: Used to download and execute applets from a web server over the internet.
• Applet Parameters: Passed to applets using <PARAM> tags in HTML, accessed via the getParameter() method.
• Daemon Thread: Runs in the background for services like garbage collection and ends when main threads finish.
• Thread Synchronization Advantages:
  • Prevents thread interference.
  • Ensures

Animal Farm Vocabulary List

1. Scullery: room for washing dishes
2. Whelped: given birth to
3. Paddock: enclosed field
4. Lurched: staggered
5. Propulsion: motion; driving forward
6. Faculty: mental ability
7. Tyranny: rule by absolute power
8. Windfalls: fruit blown onto the ground
9. Cockerels: young roosters
10. Expelled: forced out of power
11. Indefatigable: tireless; persistent
12. Resolutions: formal statements of decisions
13. Rations: daily food allowance
14. Lowing: mooing
15. Mincing: walking primarily with little steps
16. Knoll: a small hill
17. Gambolled: skipped playfully
18. Plaited: braided; interwoven
19. Trotter: a pig's foot
20. Weaned: stopped nursing
21. Din: loud harsh noises
22. Cunning: slyness; cleverness
23. Ratified: approved; confirmed
24. Publican: a bar or saloon owner
25. Faction: contentious, quarrelsome groups
26. Marshal: bring

Infinitive Versus Verbs + ING

Infinitive (to + verb)

• To state the purpose of an action (e.g., "to accept").
• To explain why something exists (e.g., "to reduce").
• After the adverbs "too" and "enough".

Verbs + ING (Gerund)

• After any preposition.
• As the subject or object of a sentence.
• After verbs such as: admit, avoid, celebrate, delay, enjoy, finish, keep, miss, practise, regret, risk, stop, suggest.
• After expressions like: "It's no (good, worth, use)" or "It's a waste of time" (also includes "can't stand," "help").

Vocabulary: Ambition, Career, Experience, and Job

To achieve a certain ambition, one needs experience to build a career.

• Ambition: achieve, fulfil, realise.
• Career: build, make, pursue, start out on.
• Experience: gain, get, have, look for.
• Job: apply

DC Motor Speed-Torque Characteristics

• Graph Interpretation

  • Y-axis: Speed (N).
  • X-axis: Torque (T).
  • Shape: Linear downward slope (speed decreases as torque increases).

• Speed-Torque Formula

  N=V−IaRaϕN=ϕV−Ia​Ra​​,
  where I_a = armature current, R_a = armature resistance, ϕ = flux.

• Key Performance Points

  • At No Load: High speed, low torque.
  • At Full Load: Low speed, high torque (due to armature reaction).

• Applications

  Used in electric vehicles and cranes for variable speed control.

Working Principle of 3-Phase Induction Motor

• Stator Function

  • A 3-phase AC supply produces a Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF).
  • RMF Speed (Synchronous Speed, N_s): Ns=120fPNs​=P120f​.

• Rotor Operation

  • Conductors (aluminum bars) are cut by the RMF, inducing current (Faraday’s

Respiratory System Basics

Respiratory Key Terms

• Dyspnea: Difficulty breathing
• Orthopnea: Difficulty breathing when lying flat
• Tachypnea: Abnormally fast breathing
• Bradypnea: Abnormally slow breathing
• Hemoptysis: Coughing up blood
• Hypoxia: Tissue oxygen deficiency
• Clubbing: Fingertip rounding due to chronic hypoxia
• Barrel chest: Increased chest diameter often from emphysema
• Cyanosis: Bluish skin or mucous membrane discoloration from low oxygen
• Rales/Crackles: Abnormal lung sounds indicating fluid
• Wheezing: High-pitched whistling from narrowed airways
• Rhonchi: Low-pitched rattling sounds (often due to secretions)
• Productive cough: Cough producing mucus or sputum
• Hypertonia: Increased muscle tone causing stiffness
• Hypotonia: Decreased muscle tone making muscles