Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Primary education

The Evolution of Judicial Systems Until 1978

Historical Background

The Middle Ages, spanning from the 5th century (fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD) to the 15th century (conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453), witnessed significant shifts in judicial systems. While some mark the end with the Reconquest and the Discovery of America in 1492, the period undeniably shaped legal frameworks.

Feudalism, the dominant system in Western Europe, underpinned economic, social, and political life. Government systems relied on bonds and obligations linking kings, lords, and vassals. Legislative, executive, and judicial powers were concentrated in the hands of the King or Lord.

However, kingdoms outside Muslim rule saw a gradual shift from King-centric... Continue reading "Evolution of Judicial Systems Until 1978: From Feudalism to Modernity" »

Visitations of Angels

In both Matthew's and Luke's Gospels, angels play a crucial role in announcing the birth of Jesus. In Matthew's Gospel, the magi visit the Christ child, symbolizing his status as a king and the true Messiah for the Jewish audience. In Luke's Gospel, shepherds visit the Christ child, representing the marginalized Greek gentiles.

Parable of the Weeds

The parable of the weeds among the wheat, found in Matthew's Gospel, illustrates the coexistence of good and evil in the world. The weeds represent sinners, while the wheat represents the righteous. God, as the farmer, allows both to grow until the harvest, which symbolizes judgment day.

Genealogy of Jesus

The genealogies of Jesus in Matthew's and Luke's Gospels serve different purposes.... Continue reading "The Significance of Visitations and Parables in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke" »

Field

Area of interest or study

Campo, área de estudio

She is an expert in her field

Es una experta en su campo

Specialise

Become an expert

Especializarse

Acquire

Gain

conseguir

Expertise

Knowledge

Experiencia, conocimiento

Lecturer

University teacher

Profesor de universidad

Tutorials

Students studying in small groups with a teacher

clase individual o con un pequeño número de estudiantes

Absences

Not being present

Ausencias

Get through

Pass

Superar

Graduate

Complete a first university degree

Graduarse

Scholarships

money for education provided on the basis of achievement or need

Becas

Tuition

Education

clases

Illiterate

Unable to read and write

Know-how

Skills and knowledge

Habilidades y conocimientos

Social networking sites

Faceboo, Twitter, Instagram

Redes sociales

Digital native

Person... Continue reading "University Vocabulary and Phrases" »

Simple Sentences(1MC)

Mary and Samantha took the bus.

Joe waited for the train.

Compound Sentences(2 OR MORE MC connected by conjunctions: and or but)

Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, and they left on the bus before I arrived.

Mary and Samantha left on the bus before I arrived, so I did not see them at the bus station.

A Complex Sentence(1 mc + 1 or more subordinate c)

Because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, I did not see them at the station.

I did not see them at the station because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon.

Compound-Complex Sentence(2 mc + 1 or more subordinate c)

Kate doesn’t like cartoons because they are loud, so she doesn’t watch them.

As I put my coat on, I looked... Continue reading "Types of Sentences and Grammatical Functions" »

1. How would you characterize public and private law?

Public law deals with issues that affect the general public or state, society as a whole. Including Administrative law, Constitutional laws, Criminal laws, Municipal laws and International laws.

On the other hand, private law affects the rights and obligations of individuals, families, businesses and small groups and exists to assist citizens in disputes that involve private matters, which includes Contract law, Tort law - rights, obligations and remedies provided to someone who has been wronged by another individual, Property law, Succession law - governs the transfer of an estate between parties And Family law.

2. Which are the major branches of private law?

Private law deals with the mutual... Continue reading "Understanding Public and Private Law: Major Branches and Functions" »

TRANSITION WORDS - ANSWERS

REASONS

• The film star wore dark glasses SO NOBODY recognized him.
• You should take your car to the mechanic BECAUSE it may break down.
• The trains didn’t operate DUE TO a heavy snowfall
• She was imprisoned SINCE her accomplice made a full confession to the police.
• The thief didn’t want to leave any fingerprints SO he wore gloves.
• The show was cancelled BECAUSE OF her illness.
• The judge didn’t send him to jail DUE TO HIS YOUTH.
• The five-cent coin looks very Canadian SINCE it has a picture of a beaver on it.

CONTRAST

• ALTHOUGH The book is very long, I’m going to try to read it before next week.
• DESPITE THE FACT THAT HE CAUSED the problem, she’s the one who solved it.
• EVEN THOUGH Volkswagen cars are cheap, they last a long

Mastering Conditionals: As Long As, Even If, Unless

As Long As, Even If, Providing That, Unless:

• Unless: Substitutes the negative part of a sentence.
• Example: We'll be late IF we DON'T leave now // We'll be late UNLESS we leave now.
• Even if: Used to avoid negative verb forms.
• Example: The workers won't strike IF their wages are increased // The workers will strike EVEN IF their wages are increased.
• Providing that or as long as: Substitutes "but only if."

Understanding Conditionals

• First Conditional: (if + Present Simple) + (will + infinitive) /// (will + infinitive) + (if + Present Simple). Used to talk about possible or probable future events or to make promises.

Modal Verbs in First Conditional

Used for possibility: may/might

Used for permission: can

Used... Continue reading "Mastering English Conditionals, Gerunds, and Infinitives" »

Vocabulary

1. AMBIGUITY: Doubtfulness or uncertainty as regards interpretation.
2. NEPOTISM: Giving jobs to relatives.
3. ETHNOCENTRIC: The belief in the inherent superiority of one's own culture.
4. INVEST: To put money, time, or feelings into something.
5. ENLIGHTENMENT: Clear thinking that is free from delusion.
6. COURTSHIP: Time when one person pursues the other for marriage.
7. DECLINE: To reduce or to say no.
8. UNPREDICTABLE: Something that behaves in unexpected ways.
9. BRANCH OUT: To expand or extend, as in business activities.
10. SECULARISM: The view that public education and other matters of civil policy should be conducted without religious elements.
11. BIAS: Inclination, prejudice, viewpoint.
12. CONTROVERSY: A prolonged public dispute, debate, or contention.
13. STEREOTYPE: Opinion

I. Memory___________________________________________

A. Creating mental linkages

GroupingLR,

Associating/elaboratingLR,

placing new words Into a context A

B. Applying images and sounds

Using ImageryLR,

Semantic MappingLR,

Ussing KeywordsLR,

Representing Sounds In Memory LRS

C. Reviewing well: Structured Reviewing A

D. Employing action:

Using Physical response or sensationLR,

Using mechanical techniquesLRW

II. Cognitive______________________

A. Practicing:

RepeatingA,

Formally practicing With sounds and writing systemsLSW,

Recognizing and using Formulas and patternsA

Recombining SW,

Practicing Naturalistically A

B. Receiving and sending messages:

Getting the idea QuicklyLR,

Using resources for Receiving and sending messages A

C. Analyzing and reasoning

ReasoningDeductive