Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physics

DEFINITIONS

DISTANCE

How much ground an object has covered/traveled.

DISPLACEMENT

The change in position of an object.

SCALAR QUANTITY

Quantity that only has magnitude and no direction.

VECTOR

Physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction.

CONSTANT SPEED

Speed that does not change.

VELOCITY

Speed in a given direction.

FRAME OF REFERENCE

A background used to judge motion/speed (precise location of an object).

INSTANTANEOUS SPEED

Speed at a given moment.

ENERGY

The capacity/power to do work/move an object by applying force.

MATTER

Anything that has mass and takes up space (how much matter).

WEIGHT

Measure of how gravity pulls matter.

SPEED

Amount of distance traveled in a certain amount of time.

AVERAGE SPEED

Total distance divided by total time.

TIME DISTANCE

Reading Section

1. C  11. B  21. C  31. A  41. D  51. A
2. B  12. C  22. D  32. C  42. ?
3. A  13. A  23. C  33. B  43. C
4. A  14. B  24. A  34. B  44. A
5. C  15. B  25. C  35. D  45. C
6. D  16. C  26. D  36. B  46. A
7. A  17. C  27. D  37. D  47. D
8. A  18. B  28. D  38. C  48. C
9. C  19. C  29. D  39. A  49. D
10. A 20. B  30. D  40. D  50. A

Writing and Language Section

1. D  11. B  21. C  31. C  41. C
2. C  12. A  22. B  32. A  42. ?
3. C  13. D  23. B  33. B  43. ?
4. B  14. A  24. D  34. D  44. ?
5. A  15. B  25. A  35. C
6. D  16. D  26. D  36. B
7. B  17. D  27. B  37. A
8. B  18. A  28. A  38. C
9. A  19. C  29. D  39. C
10. A 20. D  30. D  40. C

Math Sections

Math Section 3

1. C   11. B
2. D   12. A
3. B   13. A
4. D   14. C
5. A

Application of Atomic Structure to Static Electricity

• All material objects are composed of atoms.
• An atom consists of a nucleus and a vast region of space outside the nucleus.
• The nucleus of the atom contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons.

Charging by Friction

The frictional charging process results in a transfer of electrons between the two objects which are rubbed together.

Triboelectric Series: materiales ordenados según la capacidad de tendencia de atraer electrones.

Electrizar: cargar una sustancia/cuerpo que era neutra.

Charging by Induction

Is a method used to charge an object without actually touching the object to any other charged object.

The Electroscope

An electroscope is a device which is capable of detecting the presence... Continue reading "Static Electricity and Fundamental Electric Principles" »

Understanding Waves and Energy Transfer

A wave is a disturbance that travels a distance, carrying the energy which generated it. When the wave travels through a medium, like water or air, it does not displace the particles of the medium.

Characteristics of a Wave

• Wavelength: This is defined as the distance between two adjacent peaks or troughs of the wave. It is expressed in metres (m).
• Frequency: This is the number of oscillations or complete movements that a wave produces in one second. Its unit in SI is the Hertz (Hz).
• Speed of Propagation: This is the distance, e, that the wave travels divided by the time taken, t. It is expressed in m/s.

  Waves travel at a constant speed. Therefore:

  V_wave = e/t

  Which implies:

  e = V_wave · t

• Amplitude: This is the

Engineering Safety Codes and Standards

Nowadays, the first concern of any engineer is safety. This concern has led to the introduction of worldwide codes and standards for the manufacture and maintenance of machines. Engineers began to understand the science behind the behavior of metals and other materials. The steam engine was one of the first machines which aroused interest in safety standards.

The steam engine works on a very simple scientific principle: when you heat water in a vessel, the molecules expand until, at a certain temperature, the liquid turns into a gas. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) produced the Boiler Safety Code. Since then, the ASME has produced codes in all areas of mechanical engineering, including... Continue reading "Safety Codes and Friction in Mechanical Systems" »

Essential Wave Phenomena Definitions

Wave Terminology

• Node: A point of zero amplitude on a standing wave.
• Resonance: The increase in the amplitude of a vibration that occurs when external vibrations match an object's natural frequency.
• Antinode: A point of maximum amplitude on a standing wave.
• Standing Wave: A wave that appears to stand in one place, even though it is really two waves interfering as they pass through each other.
• Reflection: The bouncing back of an object or a wave when it hits a surface through which it cannot pass.
• Hertz (Hz): Unit of measurement for frequency.
• Frequency: The number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time.
• Wavelength: The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave.
• Amplitude: The

Human Evolution: From *Orrorin* to *Homo Sapiens*

The Earth was formed 4,500 million years ago. There is evidence that the hominid family emerged 6 million years ago, with our species, Homo sapiens sapiens, appearing only 150,000 years ago. Our species is characterized by the development of the brain, which allows for complex social behavior, consciousness of our own existence, and a great capacity for communication. The evolution of our species includes the following:

Key Hominid Species

1. Orrorin tugenensis: Lived more than 6 million years ago (MA). They were omnivorous, lived in jungles, measured 1.4 meters, were bipedal, and were descendants of the current chimpanzees, but with differences in the pelvis, humerus, and femur.
2. Ardipithecus ramidus:

INDUCTION / magnetic flux density: the number of lines of force crossing the unit area.

Paramagnetic material: when placed in a magnetic field and become magnets are oriented in the same direction as the field. Magnetic field to cease its magnetism disappears. (weakly attracted) Cr, Al ..

Diamagnetic material: when placed inside a magnetic field, are magnetized in the opposite direction to the field. These substances are called diamagnetic and their property is called diamagnetism. (weakly repelled) Na, Cu, N, H. .. .

Ferromagnetic materials: the electron spins tend to align because of the forces between them and form small regions called domains. By placing these substances under the action of a field, partially oriented domains and grow... Continue reading "Understanding Magnetic Materials: Flux, Saturation, and Permeability" »

Michelangelo's David is a monumental sculpture depicting the biblical King David. Rendered in a classical style, he is completely nude and portrayed as an athlete, carrying a sling in his left hand (resting on his shoulder) and a stone in his right. Facial features are clearly visible, along with curly hair, defined musculature, and a pronounced contrapposto.

Symbolic Analysis of David

Michelangelo depicted King David not merely as a young athlete, but as a man in the prime of his life. The artist chose as the subject of the work the moment prior to the confrontation between David and Goliath, unlike other representations where Goliath's defeated head often appears at his feet. Therefore, the figure displays a contained and expectant gaze, imbuing... Continue reading "Michelangelo's David: Form, Symbolism, and Florentine Identity" »