Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physics

Static electricity:

• There are electrostatic forces between particles or objects with a positive or a negative charge.
• Charge is due to the surplus or defect of electrons.
• Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract each other.
• Electric charge is measured in coulomb (C) and has the symbol Q.
• When there is an imbalance of positive and negative charge, we get a force between the charges according to Coulomb's law.

Electric current:

• Electric current is a flow of electrons or other charges through a material.
• Conductor: Electrons can move easily through the conductor.
• Insulator: It is very difficult for electrons to move through the material. The electrons are not free to move and form bonds.

Electrical Magnitudes:

• Potential difference is

Aristotle:

• Proved that the Earth is spherical
• Believed that it was at the center of the universe

Aristarchus:

• First to say that the Sun, and not the Earth, was the center of our universe
• Used simple geometry to estimate the size of the sun and moon and their relative distance

Ptolemy:

• Made a model called the Ptolemaic system
• Concluded all astronomical objects move at constant speeds in circular orbits
• Built his model to fit this idea
• The Ptolemaic model is one of the longest upheld scientific theories in history: it was the cornerstone of astronomy for 1,500 years

Copernicus:

• Concluded that the Sun was the center of the universe instead of the Earth
• Heliocentric

Brahe:

• Made super precise instruments for observing space before the telescope was created
• Believed

TEMA 6 - Thermal Energy - Average Kinetic Energy of the Atoms or Molecules in a Substance. Temperature - Measurement of a Substance's Thermal Energy. Kelvin and Celsius. 0°C - 273K, T(Kelvin) = T(Celsius) + 273. T(Celsius) = T(Kelvin) - 273. Thermal Expansion - Increase in Volume That Happens in Physical Bodies and Systems When Their Temperature Rises.

Volume of a Gas is Directly Proportional to Its Absolute Temperature. Thermal Equilibrium - One Body with High Temperature Transfers Energy to One with Low Temperature. Heat - Transfer of Energy from One Body Temperature to Another with Lower Temperature. Heat - Joule. 1KJ - 1000J, 1 CAL - 4,184J. Conduction - Process by Which Heat is Transferred from One Point to Another in a Solid. Thermal

Reflection of Light

Reflection is one of the unique properties of light. It is the reflection of light, which enables us to see any object.

Reflection: The bouncing back of rays of light from a polished and shiny surface is called reflection or reflection of light.

Laws of Reflection of light: The angle of incidence and angle of reflection is equal. The incident ray, reflected ray and normal to the point of reflection lie in the same plane.

The angle of incidence is denoted by 'i' and angle of reflection is denoted by 'r'. The law of reflection is applicable to all types of reflecting surface.

Mirror and Reflection of Light: Mirror is a shiny polished object (glass) which reflects most of the rays of light falling upon it. One side of mirror is... Continue reading "Understanding Reflection, Refraction, and Spherical Lenses" »

Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors

1. The object is always placed on the left of the mirror.
2. All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror.
3. Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis are taken as positive.
4. Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis are taken as negative.
5. The focal length of a concave mirror is negative.

Image Formation by a Concave Lens

1. If the object is at infinity, the image is formed at the focus of the lens on the same side of the lens as the object. It is virtual, erect, and highly diminished.
2. If the object is at any finite distance from the lens, the image is formed on the same side of the lens as the object and between the focus

The romanticism was the movement during the 19^th Century.

This period was focused in the representation of the self, the philosophy represented in society and the mind as the main source of thinking.

Poetry was the maxim exponent of Romanticism, it represented Literature. Poets considered themselves as leaders that helped to understand society. The poet taught, guided and lead the rest to the truth. They teach them how the world works.

Each poet interpreted Romanticism in his own way; the romantic elements were observed and discussed in different points of view. All of them structured their “romanticism”.

There were two generations of romantic poets. The first generation composed by W. Wordsworth and Coleridge (which is the main interest in... Continue reading "The Romanticism Movement: Poetry, Language, and Society" »

Angular Momentum Conservation

The law of conservation of angular momentum states that when no external torque acts on an object, its angular momentum remains constant.

Inverse Square Law

The inverse-square law dictates that a physical quantity's intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from its source.

Energy Conservation

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed or transferred.

Momentum Conservation

In an isolated system, the total momentum of two objects before a collision equals their total momentum after the collision.

Energy Degradation

The first law of thermodynamics asserts that the universe's total energy is constant. The second law states that this energy's... Continue reading "Fundamental Physics Laws: Momentum, Energy, and Motion" »

mww27-narrative texnique:

Verbal economy and precision supplemented with a psychology of impersonality - uses a classical style to redeem the fragmentation, loss of value, and chaos from the war. He uses writing to produce clarity, simplicity, and strength of statement and expression, learned from his journalistic practice.

• Clean and hard prose, with simple declarative sentences built on nouns without adverbial or descriptive excess.
• Mostly coordination, rarely subordination.
• Style emphasized dialogue and vivid description.
• Eyipsis, stripping away any excess.

TWL22

The whole point of the poem is to show the meaninglessness of modern culture.

• This poem shares many characteristics with the cantos.
• It's not an imagist poem because it has 5 sections.
• The

Simple Microscope

A simple microscope, commonly used by watch repairers, allows for the observation of minute details by magnifying an object placed within its focal length. The convex lens of the microscope produces an erect image on the same side of the lens as the object. By adjusting the distance between the object and the lens, the image can be obtained at the distance of distinct vision, enabling clear observation without straining the eyes.

Dispersion of Light

The phenomenon of splitting light into its component colors is known as dispersion of light. The band of colored components of a light beam is called a spectrum. The different colors of light in the spectrum of white light are violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red.

Ozone