Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physics

Compton derivatives refer to mathematical expressions or relations derived from the Compton effect or Compton scattering, which is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. The Compton effect describes the scattering of high-energy photons (e.G., X-rays or gamma rays) off free or loosely bound electrons, leading to a change in the photon's wavelength due to energy and momentum transfer.

Key Equations and Concepts:

1. Compton Wavelength Shift:
The shift in the photon's wavelength () is given by:

\Delta \lambda = \lambda' - \lambda = \frac{h}{m_e c}(1 - \cos\theta)

: Initial wavelength of the photon.

: Scattered wavelength of the photon.

: Planck's constant ().

: Mass of the electron ().

: Speed of light ().

: Scattering angle of the photon.

2. Compton Wavelength... Continue reading "Compton Scattering and Photoelectric Effect Physics" »

Fundamental Astronomy Concepts

Angular Measurements & Units

1 degree = 60 arcminutes = 3600 arcseconds; 1 radian = 180/π degrees; 1 light year =

Understanding Angular Diameter

Angular diameter (or size) is the angle an object subtends, measured in units like degrees, arcminutes, radians, or arcseconds. The angular size of an object (α) is calculated as: α = D (diameter) / d (distance), where D and d must be in the same units.

Celestial Sphere & Earth's Motion

Circumpolar Stars & Polaris

Circumpolar stars are stars that appear to never set because they closely circle a celestial pole, such as Polaris (the North Star). The altitude of a celestial pole above the horizon is equal to your latitude.

• At 40° North latitude, the North Celestial

Capillary Action and Surface Tension

Capillary action describes the phenomenon where the level of a liquid inside a narrow tube (relative to its container) is either raised or lowered. This height difference is maintained by surface tension forces. The direction and magnitude of this change depend on the liquid's surface tension and its interaction with the tube material (wettability).

The vertical component of the surface tension force acting on the tube walls must balance the weight of the liquid column of height h. Horizontal forces typically cancel out.

The capillary height h can be determined by balancing these forces:

• Surface tension force (vertical component): Fv = γ · 2πR · cosθ
• Weight of liquid column: P = ρ · g · πR2h

Equating... Continue reading "Fundamental Fluid Properties and Transport Phenomena" »

Santa Maria degli Angeli (Florence)

(Demolished after 3 years)

• Blended integration and relation of elements.
• Centralized floorplan: Representing an aesthetic ideal and an expression of the order of the universe – absolute symmetry.
• Surrounded by a world of well-proportioned beauty.
• Relation with Villa Rotonda; centralized building as a key urban form.

Michelozzo: Palazzo Medici (Florence)

• An urban palace where the facade is an important aspect.
• The wall treatment softens and smooths in the upper levels, representing the wealth of the Medici family.
• Exterior conveys solemnity, giving higher status to the city as well.
• Features a very heavy cornice at the top.

Leon Battista Alberti: Theory and Practice

• Had extensive contact with Florentine Humanists; friend

Mamíferos: Las hembras tienen mamas que producen leche para alimentar a las crías, el cuerpo está cubierto por pelos. La función principal es proteger del frio al animal.
Pelaje: raíz dentro del funículo piloso .Los pelos nuevos sacan los pelos viejos. La glándula sebácea lo hace más flexible el pelo. Lana (largo y fino), cerda (áspero y grueso), vello (suave y corto) y púa (largo y puntiagudo)
La temperatura: Es constante. Si sube o baja la temperatura siempre se mantiene constante.
Hibernación: desciende -10 Cº / Duerme no come y se esconde.
Invernación: baja la temperatura pero un duerme profundamente, come y hace algunas actividades.
La fecundación interna se produce en el ovulo con el esperma.
Sistema digestivo: Boca -faringe-

A/C/B/D/A/B/B/B/B/C/A/B/A/D/A/C/C/C/A/B/D/A/A/B/B/A/C/D/B/D

1. Stopwatch Accuracy

a) Stopwatch

b) To have more accuracy

c) i) 3rd

ii) (3.93 + 4.07 + 3.99) / 3 = 11.99 / 3 = 4

iii) 4 / 10 = 0.40

2. Water Speed Measurement

a) First, measure the distance between bridge X and bridge Y. Then, place the stick in the water at bridge X and time how long it takes to reach bridge Y. Calculate the speed by dividing the distance by the time. Repeat this process at least three times. Add all the results together and divide by three to get the average speed.

b) 2nd box

3. Acceleration and Force

a) i) 24 / 60 = 0.4 m/s²

ii) 7.5 × 10⁵ × 0.4 = 300,000 N

b) Speeding up / Slowing down / Steady speed / At rest

4. Resultant Force and Density

a) i) 280 - 250 = 30 N

ii) Up

b)... Continue reading "Physics Exam Answers and Explanations" »

Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Energy Conservation)

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change forms.

Formula: ΔU=Q−W

Where: ΔU is the change in internal energy of the system, Q is the heat added to the system, W is the work done by the system.

Explanation: The total energy in a closed system remains constant. Energy can be transformed from one form to another (e.g., heat energy to mechanical energy).

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Key Concept: The total entropy (disorder) of an isolated system always increases or remains constant.

Formulas:

Entropy Change for Reversible Process: ΔS=Qrev /T

Where: ΔS is the change in entropy. Qrev is the heat added in a reversible process. T is the absolute temperature. Qirr is... Continue reading "Thermodynamics and Simple Harmonic Motion" »

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