Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

Pelvis Lumbar Spine

Facet joint dysfunction—dislocation, subluxation, or degeneration of the facet. Localized pain over the facet, decrease in symptoms with the increase in activity Treatment options—injection (steroid to reduce inflammation), facetectomy (surgical resection of a vertebral facet).

Spondylopathies

Spondylolysis—defect in the pars interarticularis. “collared scotty dog”; localized low back pain that restricts extension. Spondylolisthesis—can be progression of spondylolysis. Separation of vertebra; “decapitated Scotty dog”. S&S: spondylolysis begins unilaterally. Pain and persistent aching, low back stiffness with increased pain after activity, frequent need to change position, full rom w/ some hesitation in regards... Continue reading "Pelvis Lumbar Spine: Facet Joint Dysfunction, Spondylopathies, and Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction" »

Shoulder Anatomy and Injury Mechanisms

Step Deformity

The distal end of the clavicle lies superior relative to the acromion process. This is a typical sign of an AC (acromioclavicular) sprain or dislocation.

Scapulohumeral Rhythm Explained

This refers to the movement of the scapula relative to the movement of the humerus throughout the full range of abduction. It occurs in distinct phases:

• 0-30 degrees of humeral abduction: No scapular movement (setting phase).
• 30-90 degrees of abduction: 2 degrees of humeral elevation = scapular abduction and upward rotation of 1 degree (2:1 ratio).
• 90-180 degrees of abduction: 1 degree of humeral elevation = scapular abduction and upward rotation of 1 degree (1:1 ratio).

Static Scapular Winging

The medial border of... Continue reading "Shoulder Injury Essentials: Deformities, Fractures, Sprains" »

Volleyball Fundamentals

History of Volleyball

Volleyball was invented in the USA around 1900. It was originally intended to be played indoors by any number of players. Later, volleyball was adapted for play on sand or grass. Volleyball was first played in the Summer Olympic Games in 1964.

Court Dimensions & Net Heights

• Court Dimensions: 18 x 9 meters
• Net Heights:
  • 2.24 meters for women
  • 2.43 meters for men

Basic Rules of Volleyball

• Two teams of six players.
• The match is won by the team that wins the best out of five games.
• Each game is played to 25 points.
• The objective of the game is to hit the ball over a net, hoping the opposing team will not return it to your side of the court.
• A team receives a point when the ball lands in the opponent’s court

Handball: How It's Played

Players advance the ball down the court by dribbling and passing. They are allowed to dribble for an unlimited amount of time, run with the ball for up to three steps before and after dribbling, and hold the ball without moving for three seconds. Players are not allowed to pull, hit, or punch the ball out of an opponent's hands, endanger an opponent with the ball, or make contact with the ball below the knees. Free throws are awarded to the opponent in the event of minor fouls or violations. A seven-meter penalty shot is awarded to the opponent when major violations are committed.

Skills & Techniques

Basic Catching Technique

• The thumbs and fingers should form the shape of a triangle.
• Both hands form a "bowl/basket,"

Base Jumping

You have all probably seen people jumping out of planes with parachutes, and thought - man, I could never do this!

Well, some people do not even need a plane to throw themselves down buildings or mountains. Base jumpers also use a parachute, but they, as the word suggests, actually jump from different objects. The BASE stands for Buildings, Antennas, Spans, and Earth. In this adrenaline-packed activity, people run off high towers or buildings and throw the parachute that they are holding in their hands.

Jallikattu

Tamil Nadu is one of the states in India. During the event of Pongal, which is a way the people say thanks to the harvests that feed them, they participate in bull-taming. Jallikattu is a sport that caused numerous reactions... Continue reading "The Four Most Dangerous Sports" »

Badminton Fundamentals

Understanding Core Badminton Rules

Players score points by striking the birdie with their racquet so that it passes over the net and lands in their opponents' side of the court. Each side may only strike the birdie once before it passes over the net. A rally ends once the birdie has struck the floor, or if a fault has been called by either the umpire or service judge, or, in their absence, by the players.

Each game is played to 21 points, with players scoring a point whenever they win a rally, regardless of whether they served. A match is the best of three games. If the score reaches 20-all, then the game continues until one side gains a two-point lead (such as 24-22), up to a maximum of 30 points (30-29 is a winning score)... Continue reading "Badminton Rules: Scoring, Serving, and Match Play" »

Suffix

A suffix is a group of letters placed after the root of a word.

Example: Comfort = comfortable, Comic = comical, Beauty = beautiful, Strong = strongest, Big = bigger

Morpheme

Morphemes are the smallest meaningful unit of language.

Free Morphemes

Free morphemes can stand alone and carry basic meaning.

• Lexical: Carry the content or meaning of the message, such as nouns, adjectives, and verbs.
• Functional: Do not carry the content of a message but help the grammar of the sentence, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns.

Bound Morphemes

Bound morphemes can't stand alone. They include prefixes and suffixes, which are added to the root word.

• Derivational: Change the meaning of the root word.
• Inflectional: Do not change the meaning but

Vocabulary

Principle of Stability and Its Uses in Sports

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Ans. i. Broad base of support: for greater stability increase the area of the base and lower the centre of gravity as much as is consistent with the activity involved. Examples:
a. a basketball player stops, spreads his feet wide as shoulder line and lowers his CG to dodge the opponent.
b. Defence position of the player in volleyball.   c. Wide stance of a golfer.     d. tackling position of a player in football.
ii. Stability is directly proportional to the weight of the body: the object or a person with heavy weight will have greater stability as compared to person with less weight.
Example: it is difficult to move a heavier person as compared to less heavier person.
On the basis of this... Continue reading "Stability and Motion in Sports: Principles and Applications" »

Understanding and Managing Anxiety

Anxiety is a universal emotion, emerging when we face intense or sustained effort, serving to activate us and prepare for a perceived threat or danger, whether present or potential. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased anxiety levels, with many individuals experiencing heightened worry, especially concerning their own health or that of loved ones.

Practical Strategies for Anxiety Relief

Remember, there's no single "right" way to cope, as each person deals with stress differently. The following practical tips are designed to help you take care of yourself and manage anxiety during challenging times:

1. Physical Activity for Anxiety Relief

   Regular physical exercise can significantly help combat anxiety