Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Philosophy and ethics

Theory of Knowledge

1. Levels and Types of Knowledge

Ignorance is the total absence of knowledge. Doubt differs from ignorance because it has an object. Opinion is a confidence that is sometimes true, even when there is no solid proof to guarantee truth. Belief implies that our convictions do not come exclusively from personal experience. The top of the classification is solid and certain knowledge, where we are able to offer a justification based on rational arguments.

Types of Knowledge:

• Theoretical Knowledge: Aims to understand reality and discover the truth.
• Practical Knowledge: Directs our behavior in both moral actions and technical production.

2. Methods of Knowledge

Descartes' Method

• Evidence: Avoid declaring a sentence true prematurely; take

Job Application Essentials

Education Requirements

Lowest: High school diploma. Highest: Master's degree.

Importance of Education in Job Seeking

A worker with more skills and education has a wider range of job opportunities.

Essential Employee Skills

• Proficiency in reading to perform job duties.
• Effective communication skills.
• Basic computer skills, including data entry and retrieval.
• Fundamental work-related abilities.

Advantages of Work Experience

• Possession of proven skills and familiarity with job tasks.
• Reduced training time for new roles.
• Higher earning potential for skilled and experienced individuals.

Employer-Sought Character Traits

• Employers value hard work, honesty, dependability, and task completion.
• A positive work attitude, dedication to quality,

Scientific and Architectural Prowess

Architectural Detail and Ingenuity

It is amazing to imagine the detail that the Mayans were able to create in their architecture with only primitive tools.

Advanced Calendar and Timekeeping

For the Mayans, science and religion were intrinsically linked. Time was extremely important, and their agriculture and religious ceremonies required a system that could accurately record time. That need for structure is probably the reason that the Mayans developed such an amazingly accurate calendar.

Mathematical and Astronomical Discoveries

Through their profound knowledge of astronomy and mathematics, they calculated the lunar cycle, predicted eclipses, and formulated a unique calendar system that was remarkably accurate....

Transitions are words or phrases that connect two ideas. Transitions help your reader follow your line of thought. You can use transitions to add information, contrast ideas, or show cause and effect. A transition usually connects two sentences or independent clauses. When it connects two sentences, use a period. When it connects two independent clauses, use a semicolon (;). When it begins a sentence or clause, use a comma after the transition.

Adding Information with Transitions

You can use transitional words such as the conjunctive adverbs also and furthermore to add information to a statement.

More people are being born than are dying. Also, people are living longer. The building will have 180 floors; furthermore, it will have stores and cinemas....

Main Features of Philosophy

Philosophy is a radical “Why?”. It faces the basis of our world and existence. “Radical” means everything can be put into question, even philosophy itself (its own foundation). There are no prejudices allowed. For philosophy, nothing is taken for granted.

• Rational: No dogmas are allowed; it is based on logical arguments and experience.
• Systematic: Its assertions are related and hierarchical, ordered systematically without contradictions.
• Critical: Everything has to be examined by reason, even the simplest thing.

Philosophy is a problematizing discipline. Its value lies in its peculiar way of addressing problems more than in how it solves them. The questions, more than its answers, are valuable. It is a universalist

Advantages and Disadvantages of Starting Your Own Business

Some people contemplate starting their own business at some point in their lives. Like everything in life, owning a business has its advantages and disadvantages, its securities and risks. But perhaps, not having a job also has risks. The wonderful adventure of starting a business is something worth experiencing. In this essay, we will discuss the arguments in favor of and against this issue.

Advantages of Owning a Business

On the one hand, there are many advantages, such as:

• Economic independence
• Freedom of time
• The possibility to work where you like
• Leaving an inheritance
• Planning your holidays

A study by... shows that 40 percent of people have benefited from owning their own business, 50...

Essential Literary Vocabulary and Definitions Glossary

This comprehensive glossary provides key terms, synonyms, and definitions, structured alphabetically, to enhance comprehension of complex texts and literary works.

A-Z Vocabulary List

Advice

Suggestion, recommendation.

Alone

By yourself, on your own.

Apothecary

Chemist, pharmacist.

To Approach

To come nearer.

To Argue

To disagree, to quarrel.

To Banish

To exile, to deport.

To Be Involved

To be part of.

Blind

Sightless.

Brave

Courageous.

Cell

A small room where a friar lives.

To Challenge

To dare (desafiar).

To Continue

To go on, to keep on.

Crows

Raven (corb/cuervo).

Dagger

A small sword.

Darkness

Obscurity.

Desperate

Hopeless.

Dove

The bird that represents love and peace.

To Drop

To let fall.

To Enter

To come into.

Fields

Cultivated

Inspirational Perspectives

"Even one book, one pen, one child, and one teacher can change the world." — Malala Yousafzai (Opening of Birmingham Library, September 3rd, 2013)

"But for each of us, isn't life about determining your own finish line? This journey has always been about reaching your own other shore no matter what it is, and that dream continues." — Diana Nyad (Swam from Hawaii to Miami)

Instructor Information

Ken Derry
Office: North Building 152
Office Hours:

• Tuesday: 2:30 PM – 4:00 PM (Library)
• Friday: 11:00 AM – 12:30 PM (NE152)

Course Concepts

Identify the qualities that the instructor suggests the following have in common with religion: Malala Yousafzai, “Royals,” the “Abused Goddesses” campaign, Diana Nyad, “Odyssey...

Vladimir: The Rational Mind in Crisis

Vladimir represents the rational part of the duo, the mind; however, despite this, he is unable to react and remains powerless. Unlike Estragon, he is more intelligent and is the one who looks after Estragon's physical well-being. He raises philosophical questions but never achieves an answer. His suffering is purely intellectual; an example of this is seen when he fails to understand why Pozzo keeps Lucky as a slave. We can observe Descartes' influence in this character through the lens of "I think, therefore I am."

Pozzo and Lucky: Power and Class Dynamics

Pozzo and Lucky may represent a capitalist-working class relationship; the former enslaves Lucky and gives him leftovers. Paradoxically, despite being...