Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems

Technological Progress and Innovation

Technological progress was the very heartbeat of the Industrial Revolution. It was not a single invention that changed everything, but rather a continuous process of innovation. Macro-inventions, such as the steam engine or mechanical spinning machines, opened entirely new possibilities. These groundbreaking innovations were then followed by micro-inventions—smaller, cumulative improvements that refined and expanded their use.

In the textile industry, a series of pivotal inventions revolutionized the production of cotton, making Britain the dominant textile exporter by the 19th century. Key advancements included:

• The flying shuttle (John Kay, 1733)
• The spinning jenny (James Hargreaves, 1764)
• The water frame

Comprehensive Glossary of Terms

Absorb

To interest someone a great deal and take up all their attention and energy.

Bite One's Lips

To press the soft parts of the front of the mouth between the teeth.

Bite One's Nails

To press the hard parts on the end of one's fingers between the teeth.

Bond

A legal written agreement or promise.

Box Office Hit

A film's success in terms of the number of tickets sold.

Breathe New Life Into Something

To refresh something old.

Bring About

To cause something to happen.

Bring the House Down

To make the audience laugh, clap, or cheer loudly for a long time because they liked the performance.

Conductor

Someone that directs the orchestra.

Content

Fairly happy and satisfied.

Counsellor

Someone who gives advice on a specified subject.

Current

Cartoon

• Uvalde School Shooting (Texas, 2022): A gunman killed 21 people, including 19 young students. After the tragedy, many U.S. politicians still refused to change gun laws, showing how school shootings are becoming expected rather than shocking. This supports the cartoon's idea that society is becoming used to gun violence.
• NRA Convention (2022): Just days after Uvalde, the National Rifle Association (a powerful U.S. gun rights group) held a large meeting to promote gun rights and products. This shows how the gun industry continues as normal even when children die—matching the cartoon’s idea of protecting business over human life.
• “JR-15” Rifle for Kids: A U.S. gun company created a version of the AR-15 (a military-style weapon) called

The Human Respiratory System

By Marco Rios

Ventilation: Air Movement in the Lungs

Pulmonary Ventilation

The total volume of air breathed in and out per minute.

Alveolar Ventilation

The volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and the alveoli per minute.

The Lungs: Core Organs of Respiration

A pair of organs consisting of the lower part of the respiratory airways, pulmonary circulation, and connective tissue.

Pleural Sacs and Cavity

Thin, fluid-filled membranes that enclose the lungs. The space between the pair is known as the pleural cavity.

Alveolar Cell Types

Type I Cells

Form the walls of the alveoli, facilitating gas exchange.

Type II Cells

Secrete pulmonary surfactant.

Pulmonary Surfactant

A substance that reduces the surface tension of water inside... Continue reading "Human Respiratory System Functions" »

The Francoist Dictatorship (1939-1975)

Key Concepts of the Franco Regime

• Maquis: Individuals who fought against the Francoist regime, often through guerrilla warfare.
• Sección Femenina: The sole women's organization within the Falange, focused on instilling traditional female roles and Francoist ideology.
• Marshall Plan: A United States initiative for rebuilding Allied countries in Europe after World War II; Spain was notably excluded due to its political alignment.
• Economic Autarchy: An economic policy characterized by national self-sufficiency and minimal trade with the outside world.
• Isolationism: A political or economic policy that isolates a country from participating in international alliances or relationships.
• Rationing: The controlled distribution

Spanish Justice System: Key Roles and Administration

1. Organization of Justice Administration

The Spanish justice system relies on a structured organization of staff and collaborative bodies to ensure its effective functioning.

Jurisdictional and Non-Jurisdictional Staff

• Jurisdictional Staff: Judges and Senior Judges.
• Non-Jurisdictional Staff (Assistance):
  • Judicial Office (Counsel of Justice Administration, Procedural Units for Direct Support, Common Procedural Services)
  • Judicial Police
  • Specialized Bodies (Forensic Medics, Staff of National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences)
  • Others
• Collaboration:
  • Prosecutor
  • Lawyers / Legal Representatives
  • Others

2. The Judicial Office

The jurisdictional function requires robust administrative support to carry... Continue reading "Spanish Justice System: Roles of Judicial Office, Lawyers, and Police" »

Contract of Agency: Fundamentals and Formation

Defining Agency and the Agent's Role

A contract of agency establishes a legal relationship where one person (the principal) authorizes another (the agent) to perform work or transact on their behalf with third parties. In this arrangement, the agent’s role is not merely to conduct errands but to represent the principal by binding them through acts performed within the granted authority. As defined under many legal frameworks—including the Indian Contract Act, 1872 (see, for example, Section 182)—an agent is “a person employed to do any act for another or to represent another in dealings with third persons.”

Essence of Agency Relationships

The value of an agency relationship lies in its capacity... Continue reading "Key Legal Frameworks in India: Commercial and Digital Laws" »

Earth Science Final Exam Review

April 14, 2025 – Lecture 18: Natural Resources – Energy and Mineral Resources

Natural Resources: An Introduction

Natural resources are materials or substances that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain. Humanity cannot create natural resources; they take millions, even billions, of years to form within Earth. Therefore, we are limited to what nature provides. Natural resources are broadly classified into eight groups: wildlife, air, wind, soil, water, fossil fuels, sunlight, and minerals (including precious metals like copper, gold, silver, nickel). Mineral resources, by definition, are inorganic, meaning they are not derived from living things (for example, coal is considered organic because it... Continue reading "Earth's Interconnected Systems: Resources, Climate, and Impact" »

Leadership's Central Role in Internal Communication

Leadership plays a pivotal role in the effectiveness of internal communication, shaping how organizations align purpose, inspire engagement, and build trust. As emphasized throughout the course materials, particularly in Unit 7, communication is not merely a technical function; it is a strategic, cultural, and emotional process that profoundly depends on the quality of leadership.

Servant Leadership: Empathy, Purpose, and Unity

The concept of servant leadership, highlighted in Unit 7, prioritizes empathy, listening, and support over traditional authority. Servant leaders, exemplified by Nelson Mandela in the film Invictus (2009), lead not to be served, but to serve others. Mandela masterfully... Continue reading "Leadership's Core Role in Internal Communication Success" »

Product, Services, Brands (Chapter 8) – 12 & 14

1. Provide examples of the three levels of a product for an Apple Smartwatch.
   
   

1. 1. Core customer value (Psychological need of fundamental benefit): Communication, make life easier (i.e., photos, Safari)
   2. Actual product (Brand name, features, design, quality level, packaging): Apple Watch, iPhone
   3. Augmented product (Post-sale service, product support, warranty, delivery, and credit): ?
      
      

2. Fill in the blanks for the types of consumer products.