Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems

Understanding Quartiles, Deciles, and Percentiles

Quartiles divide ordered data into four equal parts. There are three quartiles: Q1, Q2, and Q3.

• Q1 (First Quartile): Tells about the point below which the first 25% of observations lie.
• Q2 (Second Quartile/Median): The middle value or median.
• Q3 (Third Quartile): Tells us about the point below which 75% of observations lie.

Deciles and Percentiles

Deciles divide an ordered dataset into 10 equal parts. They are represented by D1 through D9.

• D1: 10% position
• D5: 50% position
• D9: 90% position

Percentiles divide data into 100 equal parts, represented by P1 to P99.

Measures of Dispersion in Statistics

Dispersion refers to how much the data values are spread or scattered around a central value, such as the mean.... Continue reading "Statistics and Python Programming Fundamentals" »

Essential Vocabulary for The Scarlet Letter

This list defines key terms and concepts central to understanding the themes, social dynamics, and moral conflicts in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter.

• Adultery: Having a sexual relationship with someone who is not your husband or wife.
• Punishment: Something unpleasant given to someone for doing something wrong.
• Shame: A painful feeling of being embarrassed because of something wrong.
• Guilt: The feeling that you have done something wrong.
• Sin: An action considered morally or religiously wrong.
• Sinner: A person who has done something morally or religiously wrong.
• Forgive: To stop being angry with someone for something they did.
• Redemption: The act of becoming free from guilt or blame.
• Judgment: An opinion

1. Base Load and Peak Load Analysis

Base Load:

• Base load is the minimum continuous load demanded by consumers throughout the day.
• It remains almost constant for a large part of the 24-hour period.
• Base-load power plants operate continuously and supply the basic electricity demand.
• Thermal, nuclear, and large hydroelectric power plants are commonly used for base-load operation.
• Base-load plants generally have high efficiency and low operating costs but may have higher initial costs.

Peak Load:

• Peak load is the maximum electrical load occurring during certain periods of the day when electricity demand is high.
• It occurs mainly during morning and evening peak hours due to increased domestic and industrial consumption.
• Peak-load plants are designed to start

Core Machine Learning Definitions

a) Define Machine Learning: Machine Learning is a subset of AI where a system learns patterns from data and makes decisions or predictions without being explicitly programmed for every task.

b) What is over-fitting in Machine Learning?: Over-fitting is when a model learns the training data too well, including noise. It performs very well on training data but poorly on new unseen data.

c) What is underfitting?: Underfitting is when a model is too simple to capture the underlying pattern in the data. It performs poorly on both training and test data.

d) Define bias and variance: Bias is error due to oversimplified assumptions in the model—leads to underfitting. Variance is error due to the model being too sensitive... Continue reading "Machine Learning and Deep Learning Core Concepts" »

The Role of Statistics in Information Analysis

As Mintzberg described in 1987, a strategy can be defined as a plan of action that requires decision-making, based on the efficient use of available resources. It is essential that these plans of action are based on reliable knowledge provided by sound data analysis. Today, we live in a flood of data that must be efficiently harnessed for decision-making. The way to transform data into valuable knowledge for decision-making is based on the techniques and methods provided by Statistics.

Statistics is the science that deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data in order to make more effective decisions.

Defining Statistics and Its Core Steps

The

Biology Study Summary:

Scientific Method and Measurement

• Hypothesis-driven science: Starts with a question or hypothesis. A hypothesis is a tentative, testable explanation or prediction based on observations. A theory has been repeatedly tested and consistently supported.
• Discovery science: Focuses on observations and data ("What do we observe?").
• The meniscus: The curved line on a graduated cylinder used to measure volume. Read from the bottom of the curve (e.g., 5 mL is just below the 5).

Chemistry of Life and Solutions

• pH: A measure of acidity or basicity in a solution.
• Acid: Has an increased concentration of H⁺ ions and decreased OH^- ions.
• Base: Has an increased concentration of OH^- ions and decreased H⁺ ions.
• Buffer: Resists a change in pH.
• Polarity:

Mathematics Term 3 Reference

Chapter 2

Divisibility Tests

• 1: All numbers are divisible by 1.
• 2: All even numbers are divisible by 2. Last digit must be 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.
• 3: The sum of the digits must be divisible by 3.
• 4: The number formed from the last two digits must be divisible by 4.
• 5: The last digit must be 0 or 5.
• 6: Must pass the divisibility tests for both 2 and 3.
• 7: (There is no simple test for divisibility by 7).
• 8: The number formed from the last three digits must be divisible by 8.
• 9: The sum of the digits must be divisible by 9.
• 10: The last digit must be 0.

Terms for Division

• Dividend: The starting number; the total; the amount you have.
• Divisor: The number doing the dividing; the number of groups.
• Quotient: The number of times the divisor

English Grammar Proficiency Exercises

Sentence Correction and Identification

1. By the time we got to the airport, the flight had already left. (C)
2. She went to the concert last night with her friends. (I)
3. The more you practice, the better you speak English. (C)
4. He was wearing a sleeveless blue French shirt and a pair of smart black shoes. (I)
5. They had been waiting for two hours before the airline announced the delay. (I)
6. I have known my best friend since elementary school. (C)
7. While the passengers were boarding, the crew was checking the cabin. (I)
8. If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils. (I)
9. I will have been studying for three hours by 8 p.m. tonight. (C)
10. She had already left when I called her. (C)
11. She has been working at the airport for three years.

DAY 1 -Introduction & the Deal-Making Mindset 

- Negotiation : "A form of decision making in which 2 or more parties talk with one another in an effort to resolve their opposing interests" - Lewicki, Barry & Saunders (2016) (A technique for resolving conflicts and overcoming differences.

                - 3 Goals of effective negotiation

1. Achieve a wise outcome - agreement satisfies the interests of both parties, is fair, and is sustainable over time (Eg: 2 parties explore alternative payment plans or service bundles that better meet both sides' needs

2. Preserve or enhance the relationship - strengthens trust, respect & ongoing collaboration

3. Be efficient - time, energy & resources are limited - a good negotiation reached... Continue reading "Mastering Negotiation Strategy and Behavioral Psychology" »

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that enables machines to simulate human intelligence. It allows computer systems to perform tasks like learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and understanding language.

How Artificial Intelligence Works

AI works by combining large datasets with advanced algorithms and iterative processing. The core mechanics of an AI system generally follow these steps:

• Data Collection: The system ingests vast amounts of data. This can be text, images, audio, or sensor information.
• Model Training: AI models use algorithms to analyze the data and identify underlying patterns or features.
• Model Improvement: During training, the system continuously adjusts its internal settings to minimize errors. This allows