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Exercise 1: Legal Terminology

1. Commits
2. To sue
3. Press
4. Offenses
5. Crimes
6. Felonies
7. Defendant
8. Imprisonment
9. Settlement
10. Ensure

Exercise 2: Legal Concepts

Land Law vs. Immigration Law

• Land Law: Regulates property ownership, use, and disputes over real estate or land. It deals with property and land use (derecho de propiedad).
• Immigration Law: Regulates the entry, stay, and removal of individuals in a country.

Barrister vs. Solicitor

• Barrister: A lawyer who specializes in court advocacy and litigation.
• Solicitor: Provides legal advice, prepares documents, and represents clients outside the courtroom.

Defendant vs. Prosecutor

• Defendant: The person accused of a crime in a court case.
• Prosecutor: A legal representative who brings charges against the defendant on behalf of the

Key Terms of the US Presidency and Executive Branch

1. Veto: The President rejects a bill.
2. Bureaucracy: Executive departments and agencies that enforce laws.
3. Executive Order: Presidential policy enacted without Congress.
4. Iron Triangle: Bureaucracy, Congress, and interest groups working together.
5. Policy Agenda: A set of issues the government is focused on.
6. Independent Regulatory Agency: Regulates specific economic sectors.
7. Independent Executive Agency: Like a cabinet, but with a narrower focus.
8. Line-item Veto: The President blocks specific provisions of a bill.
9. Executive Agreement: The President's agreement with another nation.
10. Executive Privilege: The President's right to withhold information.
11. Honeymoon Period: High presidential popularity immediately after

Reflections on the Past Generation

1. What did you think about the youth in your time?

I thought they were very full of life and dreams, but they also had their own worries.

2. How were young people different in your time?

They were closer and spent more time together, without as much distraction. They had more communication skills.

3. What values did you see changing in the younger generation back then?

Individualism and self-expression became more important. Thanks to technology, the new generation is improving their computer programming skills.

4. Did you think technology impacted young people positively or negatively in your time?

Technology was starting to appear and it was exciting, but it could also be disconnecting.

5. What advice would you

Cache Write Policies

Write-Through

• Definition: Writes data to both the cache and main memory simultaneously.
• Synchronization: Cache and main memory are always synchronized.
• Write Speed: Slower, because every write goes to both cache and memory.
• Data Integrity: Ensures data in both cache and main memory is identical.
• CPU Performance Impact: Slower, due to the additional write to main memory.
• Use Cases: Ideal for systems where data consistency is critical (e.g., databases).
• Cache Miss Handling: Writes to both cache and memory on a miss.
• Complexity: Simple to implement; doesn't require tracking of data in the cache.

Write-Back

• Definition: Writes data to the cache first and only writes to memory when the cache line is evicted.
• Synchronization: Cache and main

Introduction: Echoes of 1984

George Orwell's 1984 depicts a society under Big Brother's control, where constant surveillance is the norm. Today, technology mirrors this reality, as we share personal information and activities, making us vulnerable to surveillance.

Thesis: Modern technology, with its erosion of privacy and social media surveillance, brings us closer to the dystopian world of 1984.

Erosion of Privacy

Social Media Overexposure

Firstly, young people and adults are often tethered to social media, sharing their daily lives and consequently sacrificing their privacy.

Digital Footprints and Surveillance

Secondly, the digitalization of our lives leaves data trails across various platforms, leading to mass surveillance.

Conclusion: A Warning

Data-Driven Marketing

• Data-driven marketing uses data for informed decisions and effective strategies.
• Direct marketing reaches potential customers directly via email, SMS, mail, or telemarketing.
• Performance marketing is results-driven, paying only for specific actions like clicks or sales.

Customer Journey

• A touchpoint is an interaction between a customer and your brand.

Strategy

• A strategy is long-term choices to differentiate and achieve goals.
• Every internet action must be guided by a pre-decided tactic.
• Measure & Analyze the impact.
• Tactics must achieve the pre-decided strategy.
• Measure & Analyze tactic results for success.
• Strategy must achieve digital marketing goals.
• Marketing goals must achieve business goals.
• Achieving business goals leads

1. Why is the Brain a "Miser"?

• The brain is often described as a "miser" because it strives to conserve cognitive resources and minimize mental energy expenditure. This principle, known as **cognitive miserliness**, refers to how the brain prefers using shortcuts and simplified processes to make decisions and respond to the world efficiently. It avoids complex, energy-consuming tasks whenever possible. This approach affects consumer behavior as shoppers tend to make decisions based on intuition and ease rather than through extensive deliberation.

Three Strategies of Cognitive Miserliness

• Efficiency

  Our brain uses heuristics, or mental shortcuts, to simplify decision-making processes. This includes reliance on quick judgments and familiar patterns

Week 1: The Heart

Purpose of the Cardiovascular System

To provide adequate blood flow to all tissues/organs according to immediate needs.

Heart Contractions

• Systole: Periods of contraction
• Diastole: Periods of relaxation

Note: The atria contract simultaneously, followed by simultaneous ventricular contraction.

Blood Vessels

• Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart.
• Veins: Carry blood towards the heart.

Intrinsic Conduction System

1. Sinoatrial (SA) Node (Pacemaker): Generates impulses in the right atrial wall. Depolarizes 80-100 times per minute, modified by the autonomic nervous system to approximately 75 times per minute.
2. Atrioventricular (AV) Node: Impulses pause here for 0.1 seconds, allowing the atria to complete contraction. Generates impulses 40-60

Key Characteristics of AI Environments

• Fully Observable vs. Partially Observable: If an agent's sensors give it access to the complete state of the environment needed to choose an action, the environment is fully observable. Otherwise, it is partially observable.
• Deterministic vs. Stochastic: An environment is deterministic if the next state of the environment is completely determined by the current state (plus the results of your actions) and the agent's action. In a stochastic environment, there are multiple, unpredictable random outcomes. Luck is a serious component.
• Episodic vs. Sequential:
  • In an episodic environment, the agent's experience is divided into atomic episodes. Each episode consists of the agent perceiving and then performing a