Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems

Business Ethics and CSR

Business ethics refers to moral principles and values that guide the behavior and decisions of a business. Reasons to pursue CSR and good business ethics:

• Builds good reputation and customer trust.
• Improves employee satisfaction.
• Helps follow laws and regulations.
• Increases long-term profit and business success.

Intellectual Property (IP) and Protection

Intellectual property is the creation of the human mind, such as inventions, software, books, music, designs, and logos. Protection via Copyright:

• Register the original creative work where applicable.
• Copyright gives the creator exclusive rights to copy and distribute the work.
• Use copyright notices and licensing agreements.
• Take legal action against unauthorized copying or distribution.

Informal Letter: A Weekend Visit to My City

Informal: I'm really happy to hear that you are going to visit my city next weekend. I think you are going to have a great time because there are many interesting things to do. First of all, you should visit the town centre and the main square; there are some beautiful buildings and small shops where you can buy souvenirs. You can also go to the local park, especially if the weather is good. If you like sports, we could go cycling or play football together. For lunch, I recommend a traditional Spanish restaurant because you can try typical food such as paella or Spanish omelette. In the evening, there are several cafés and places where we can have something to drink and talk. I think Saturday is the... Continue reading "Effective English Writing Samples for Students" »

🌱 100 Good Habits

🧠 Mind & Personal Growth

1. Wake up early.

2. Sleep on time.

3. Make your bed.

4. Keep a daily routine.

5. Set daily goals.

6. Make a to-do list.

7. Read every day.

8. Learn something new daily.

9. Practice self-discipline.

10. Stay positive.

11. Avoid unnecessary overthinking.

12. Learn from mistakes.

13. Accept constructive criticism.

14. Be patient.

15. Believe in yourself.

16. Practice gratitude.

17. Celebrate small achievements.

18. Avoid comparing yourself with others.

19. Take breaks when needed.

20. Reflect on your day.

📚 Study & Career

1. Study consistently.

2. Revise regularly.

3. Take proper notes.

4. Ask questions when confused.

5. Practice instead of only reading.

6. Finish assignments on time.

7. Avoid procrastination.

8. Keep your study space clean.

9. Learn practical skills.

10. Improve communication skills.

11. Practice English

Verb Tense Review

1. Simple Present

Use: Habits, routines, facts, general truths, and repeated actions.

• Affirmative: Subject + base verb + complement. (With he/she/it: Subject + verb + -s/-es + complement).
• Negative: Subject + do/does + not + base verb + complement.
• Question: Do/Does + subject + base verb + complement?

Rules: I/You/We/They use the base verb; He/She/It usually takes -s/-es. After does/doesn't, use the base verb.

Examples:

• I play soccer.
• She plays soccer.
• They don't play soccer.
• Does he play soccer?

Signal words: Always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day, every week.

2. Present Continuous

Use: Actions happening now, temporary situations, and actions happening around the present.

• Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + verb + -ing.
• Negative:

Scientific Inquiry and Experimental Design

• Hypothesis: A proposed, testable biological explanation for an observation that is established before testing.
• Prediction: An expected outcome, often phrased as an "If... then..." statement, but lacks the underlying explanatory "why" or "how".
• Claim: A definitive concluding statement made after analyzing experimental data, graphs, and figures that is directly supported by evidence.
• Null Hypothesis: A statement predicting that there is no statistically significant difference between your experimental groups.

Variables and Controls

• Independent Variable: The specific factor you purposefully manipulate or test.
• Dependent Variable: The specific data you are collecting and measuring.
• Positive Control: A trial given

What is an Operating System?

An Operating System (OS) is system software that acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware. It manages the hardware and software resources of a computer and provides an environment for running application programs.

Examples: Windows, Linux, macOS, Android, and Unix.

Basic Structure of an OS

        User
          ↓
   Application Programs
          ↓
    Operating System
          ↓
       Hardware

Major Functions of an Operating System

1. Process Management: The OS manages the creation, execution, scheduling, and termination of processes.
2. Memory Management: It manages the main memory (RAM) and allocates or deallocates memory to different processes.
3. File Management: It manages files and directories,

Understanding Quartiles, Deciles, and Percentiles

Quartiles divide ordered data into four equal parts. There are three quartiles: Q1, Q2, and Q3.

• Q1 (First Quartile): Tells about the point below which the first 25% of observations lie.
• Q2 (Second Quartile/Median): The middle value or median.
• Q3 (Third Quartile): Tells us about the point below which 75% of observations lie.

Deciles and Percentiles

Deciles divide an ordered dataset into 10 equal parts. They are represented by D1 through D9.

• D1: 10% position
• D5: 50% position
• D9: 90% position

Percentiles divide data into 100 equal parts, represented by P1 to P99.

Measures of Dispersion in Statistics

Dispersion refers to how much the data values are spread or scattered around a central value, such as the mean.... Continue reading "Statistics and Python Programming Fundamentals" »

Essential Vocabulary for The Scarlet Letter

This list defines key terms and concepts central to understanding the themes, social dynamics, and moral conflicts in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter.

• Adultery: Having a sexual relationship with someone who is not your husband or wife.
• Punishment: Something unpleasant given to someone for doing something wrong.
• Shame: A painful feeling of being embarrassed because of something wrong.
• Guilt: The feeling that you have done something wrong.
• Sin: An action considered morally or religiously wrong.
• Sinner: A person who has done something morally or religiously wrong.
• Forgive: To stop being angry with someone for something they did.
• Redemption: The act of becoming free from guilt or blame.
• Judgment: An opinion

1. Base Load and Peak Load Analysis

Base Load:

• Base load is the minimum continuous load demanded by consumers throughout the day.
• It remains almost constant for a large part of the 24-hour period.
• Base-load power plants operate continuously and supply the basic electricity demand.
• Thermal, nuclear, and large hydroelectric power plants are commonly used for base-load operation.
• Base-load plants generally have high efficiency and low operating costs but may have higher initial costs.

Peak Load:

• Peak load is the maximum electrical load occurring during certain periods of the day when electricity demand is high.
• It occurs mainly during morning and evening peak hours due to increased domestic and industrial consumption.
• Peak-load plants are designed to start

Core Machine Learning Definitions

a) Define Machine Learning: Machine Learning is a subset of AI where a system learns patterns from data and makes decisions or predictions without being explicitly programmed for every task.

b) What is over-fitting in Machine Learning?: Over-fitting is when a model learns the training data too well, including noise. It performs very well on training data but poorly on new unseen data.

c) What is underfitting?: Underfitting is when a model is too simple to capture the underlying pattern in the data. It performs poorly on both training and test data.

d) Define bias and variance: Bias is error due to oversimplified assumptions in the model—leads to underfitting. Variance is error due to the model being too sensitive... Continue reading "Machine Learning and Deep Learning Core Concepts" »