Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other subjects

International Accounting Standard No 1: Presentation of Financial Statements

Aim

1. The objective of this Standard is to establish the basis for filing financial statements with general purpose, to ensure that they are comparable, both with the financial statements of the same entity for prior periods, as with those of other entities. To achieve this objective, this Standard establishes, first, general requirements for filing financial statements, and then provides guidelines for determining their structure, while laying down minimum requirements on their content.

Scope

This Standard applies to all types of financial statements for purposes of general information that are processed and presented in accordance with International Financial Reporting

Relationships in the Workplace

What is Communication?

Communication is a circular process involving a sender, a message, and a receiver. This process also includes the channel, noise, code, and context. In this circular process, elements influence each other.

Axioms of Human Communication

1. It's Impossible Not to Communicate - Behavior = Communication

Communication is a fluid and multifaceted process with many modes of behavior (verbal, postural, tonal, context), where all elements contribute to the meaning conveyed to others.

All behavior is communication. Everything we do communicates something. Even ignoring communication is a form of communication. For example, consider the interaction (or lack thereof) when we share an elevator with a stranger.... Continue reading "Effective Workplace Communication: Building Strong Relationships" »

Introduction

To address the issue of the pursuit of knowledge, we will adopt a motivational point of view based on the study of motives that drive individuals to seek knowledge.

We will explore reasons beyond mere lack and consider the needs of self-realization. Understanding the motivations behind the pursuit of knowledge is crucial when examining philosophical schools of thought.

Needs to Know

Among human needs, we find the "need to know."

However, Maslow's hierarchy of needs does not explicitly include a need to know. This is because all types of needs are related to knowledge. Therefore, the pursuit of knowledge can be motivated by any type of need.

Whether a need functions as a need to know depends not on its type but on how it operates –... Continue reading "The Pursuit of Knowledge: Needs, Types, and Impact" »

Management Functions: Planning, Organization, Direction, and Control

Planning

The process of defining goals and objectives with their respective strategies for action to develop the activities to achieve them.

If there is no fixed course plan of the organization, these are some planning activities:

• Analysis of current situations.
• Anticipating the future.
• Targeting.
• The decision of such activities.
• The choice of corporate and business strategies.
• The identification of resources needed to achieve the goals of the organization.

Organization

Involves designing the most appropriate structure to carry out the plans.

• This function determines:
  • Measures to be implemented,
  • How to group,
  • Who performs, and
  • Clearly stated positions and hierarchies within the organization.

Introduction

Quality management comprises three core functions: identifying improvement opportunities, developing and monitoring indicators, and designing or redesigning products and services. The EFQM Excellence Model provides a framework for achieving progress in Total Quality Management (TQM).

The EFQM Model

The EFQM Model is built on the premise that customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, and a positive societal impact are achieved through leadership in policy and strategy, effective personnel management, efficient resource utilization, and well-defined processes, ultimately leading to business excellence. Each of the nine elements within the model is evaluated and weighted to determine an organization's progress toward excellence.

Self-

Core Principles of Financial Auditing

Auditing work aims to establish clear guidelines for execution. These fundamental rules ensure the integrity and reliability of the audit process.

Basic Rules for Audit Execution

• First Rule: Work is planned and overseen by a professional audit team.
• Second Rule: A study and assessment of internal control must provide an adequate and reliable basis for determining the scope, nature, and timing of specified audit procedures.
• Third Rule: Sufficient appropriate evidence must be obtained by implementing and evaluating necessary audit evidence to form a fair judgment based on the data in the reviewed annual accounts and to express an opinion on them.

Ground Rules for Independent Audit Reports

The independent audit report... Continue reading "Core Principles and Procedures of Financial Auditing" »

Understanding Organizational Charts

The charts are the graphical representation of the organizational structure of a company or organization that reflects, in outline, the position of the areas that comprise it, its hierarchy, lines of authority and advice.

Types of Organization by Nature

This group is divided into three types of charts:

• Microadministrative: They correspond to a single organization, and can refer to it globally or mention any of the areas that constitute it.
• Macroadministrativos: They involve more than one organization.
• Mesoadministrativos: one or more organizations consider a single sector or industry specific. Note that the term mesoadministrativo corresponds to a convention generally used in the public sector but can also be used

The organizational structure is the set of units that divide the work, and the relationships of hierarchy and subordination among its members, which manifest themselves in monitoring and control.

Advantages of a Clear Structure

A well-defined organizational structure avoids confusion by clearly assigning responsibility for results and ensuring tasks are executed effectively.

Delegating Authority

When a person entrusts a task to another and gives them the authority to do it, this is delegating authority.

Delegating is distributing tasks with some degree of authority, but the person who delegated the task remains responsible. When delegating, it's important to ensure the subordinate has the capacity to take authority and apply it successfully.

Before... Continue reading "Understanding Organizational Structure: Key Concepts" »

Environmental Standards Defined

Environmental standards are laws that, through agreement among different societal sectors, define acceptable and safe pollutant levels for human health and the environment. These regulations serve as environmental management tools, designed to address and resolve environmental issues.

There are three main types of standards: primary environmental quality standards, secondary environmental quality standards, and emission standards.

Primary Environmental Quality Standards

These standards aim to protect public health and are applied uniformly nationwide, ensuring all citizens are entitled to the same environmental quality. They establish the maximum permissible amounts of pollutants whose presence in the environment... Continue reading "Environmental Standards: Types, Content, and Compliance" »

Product Creation, Development, and Design

Design is a broader concept than style. While style only describes a product's appearance, design also contributes to its look while adding value.

Ways to Expand Product Offerings

1. Innovations
2. New Product Lines
3. New Versions
4. Improved Products
5. Product Repositioning

Approaches to Product Creation

• Market Momentum
• Technology Boosting
• Interfunctional Approach

Steps in New Product Development

Idea Generation and Opportunity Identification

These methods are grouped into two sections:

Intuitive Methods

• Attribute Listing: Identifying key attributes a new product should possess.
• Delphi Method: Experts provide feedback to reach a consensus.

Search Process

• Qualitative Research: Utilizing projective techniques.

Idea Evaluation and Product