Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other subjects

Informal Organization

The informal organization is the organizational structure not intentionally defined by the company. It is the set of personal and social relations not covered by the company's direction that arise spontaneously. This occurs when people relate outside their designated work groups, forming unofficial groups. In these groups, unofficial information is transmitted in the form of rumors, and sometimes normal operating procedures have more strength than those prescribed. All companies have a formal and an informal organization. Managers, if they are aware of the existence of the informal organization, must try to positively impact the company's results.

Management Function

The management function is to manage the company's people,... Continue reading "Company Structure: Informal, Management, Charts, Control, and Organization" »

Nanotechnology

Concept

Nanotechnology is the study, design, and creation of materials by manipulating matter at the nanometer scale. A nanometer is 10^-9 meters. It is based on the fact that the properties of matter at the nanoscale are distinct from those on a macroscopic scale.

*Example:* Graphite and diamond.

Applications

• Machines and instruments capable of depositing atoms and molecules in the right place.
• Design of materials for a specific role and a lead in a specific situation.

Applications in Electronics: LEDs

LEDs (light-emitting diodes) are semiconductor devices made with crystals of indium and gallium. They replace traditional light bulbs. They do not waste heat energy; therefore, all the energy invested produces light more efficiently.

*Examples:... Continue reading "Nanotechnology: Applications, Benefits, and Risks" »

Support from Top Management: If top management minimizes the importance of human resources in achieving company objectives, any hierarchical directive will also be minimized. This leads to those responsible for managing human resources focusing primarily on pay and absenteeism control. While there has been a shift from personnel management to human resources management, the change is often more about terminology than actual content.

Strategy of the Organization: Organizational strategy should align with human resources. The strategic elements operating on the importance that the organization places on profits in the short, medium, and long term will influence human resource characteristics. Other strategic elements, such as quantity versus quality,... Continue reading "Factors Influencing Human Resource Management" »

Management Levels

First-Line Management

Supervisors or first-line managers monitor the performance of operators.

Middle Management

Middle managers supervise first-line managers and ensure efficient resource utilization. They are typically responsible for a department.

Senior Management

Senior management oversees all departments, sets corporate objectives, and supervises middle managers. The head is the CEO (Chief Executive Officer).

Fundamental Principles of Fayol

Hierarchy, Unity of Command, Control, and Breadth of Expertise.

Management Skills

Conceptual Skills

The mental ability to coordinate and integrate diverse interests and activities within the organization. This includes analyzing situations, distinguishing between causes and effects, acquiring... Continue reading "Understanding Management Levels and Decision-Making" »

Public Policy Stages and Challenges

Implementation

Implementation involves carrying out the measures taken. This responsibility falls to the central government, regional, and local administrations. Difficult situations often arise during this stage:

• Incomplete Specification of Measures: The government may provide general instructions that public administrations (PAs) must further develop through regulation.
• Conflicting Criteria: For example, a minimum wage law might be based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or the payment capacity of enterprises, leading to potential conflicts.

Ex-Post Evaluation

Ex-post evaluation identifies and measures the effects of policy implementation. This includes:

• Analyzing the net effect of programs, such as income maintenance

Job Description

Identification

• Name of Post: Production Supervisor
• Area: Processing Plant
• Supervisor Title: Head of Time

Major Function

Schedule, conduct, and supervise the production process to comply with productivity and performance requirements, ensuring the required quality standards. Effectively manage human and material resources according to organizational objectives. Contribute to the continuous improvement of infrastructure and processes.

Specific Functions

Activities / Tasks

• Check logs at the beginning of the workday and make notes at the end of the shift.
• Monitor the maintenance of order, hygiene, and safety in the workplace.
• Maximize the productivity and performance of production lines.
• Record daily information on production reports.
• Review

In the neurocranium acknowledge the following points Craniometric sagittal (Fig. 1), (Fig. 2), (Fig. 3), (Fig. 4) Nasion: Intersection of frontonasal sutures and internasal. Glabella: most prominent point of the frontal in the midsagittal plane. It is located on the brow ridges between. Bregma: Intersection of sagittal and coronal sutures. Vertex: Point skull highest average in the mid-sagittal plane. Lambda: Intersection of sagittal and lambdoid sutures. Opistocranio: Point of the squama occipital in the sagittal plane is farthest from the glabella point. May coincide with the point Inion. Inion: A Meeting of the line occipital (nuchal) exceeding the median sagittal plane. Generally corresponds to the external occipital protuberance. Opisthion:

Key Business Concepts

The amount of product developed in a time period is called Production Volume.

Power based on existing standards, agreements, and contracts within a distribution channel is Legitimate Power.

Decisions concerning new product development are made at the Direction Level.

Growth through acquisition, absorption, and corporate control is called Financial Growth.

Badwill is the opposite of Goodwill.

Growth based on decisions that avoid mistakes is called Despite Minimum Criteria.

A periodic survey using a permanent sample to answer questions at regular intervals is called a Panel.

Optimization models are Analytical Models.

Autocratic leaders make all decisions without consulting their subordinates.

The principle in graph theory that prohibits... Continue reading "Key Business Concepts: Production, Power, and Growth" »

There may be pressures, both from those involved and by the Administration, to get unbiased information quickly. This can cause problems such as calling for information at inopportune moments, conditioning the evaluator to provide information in a particular direction, or falsifying reality. This leads to a distorted view, where information is received from the appraiser in a partisan, arbitrary, and self-interested manner, solely to get information to places or persons of interest. All this can lead to an assessment where the assessor bureaucratically accepts the values of the authorities and provides information that will help them carry out their policy objectives. This also includes what McDonald called self-critical evaluation, in which... Continue reading "Overcoming Challenges in Social Intervention Evaluation" »

Accident Modes

Shock

Shock: Vehicle in contact with the track fixture. Simple accident.

Overturning

Overturning: Simple accident. The tires are no longer in contact with the track.

V. Bell

V. Bell: Vehicle rotated on its transverse axis.

V. Barrel

V. Barrel: Vehicle turned on its longitudinal axis.

Output via

Output via: The vehicle moves out of the way by circulating. Accident can be simple or complex.

Collisions

Collisions: Complex accidents involving contact between more than one moving traffic unit.

Front Collision

Front:

• Approximate central longitudinal axes coincide.
• Eccentric axes parallel but not identical.
• Angular longitudinal axes form an angle less than 90 degrees.

Onslaught Collision

Onslaught: At least one party in contact is the side of a vehicle.... Continue reading "Traffic Accident Definitions and Police Documentation" »