Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other subjects

1. The Plan for Firms

1.1. The Strength of a Business Project

It is impossible to launch any business project without a prior specification of the business idea. The idea upon which the business plan is based is the identification of a business opportunity not yet exploited, or the detection of some capacity to innovate and do things differently from others, in order to improve them.

In order to implement a particular business idea, there must be positive possibilities of success for the new company. Therefore, it is crucial to plan the entire business beforehand to draw conclusions regarding the potential applicability of the idea.

1.2. Definition of the Plan's Axioms

The business plan is a strategic plan that affects all areas of the company over... Continue reading "Business Plan Essentials: Key Elements and Benefits" »

Phases of the Planning Process

First Phase: Research Base

The research base has a goal: knowledge of the reality that is sought to intervene. This is a stage before planning. It is a phase of study and concrete knowledge of the reality that will be subject to planning. It comprises two activities:

1. Study of Needs
2. Resources Assessment

A. Diagnostic Analysis. The Study of Needs

Knowledge of social needs is the starting point of all social planning. Determining the needs in a given sector is a complex objective. The creation and satisfaction of needs is a historical concept; needs are conditioned by time, space, and ideologies. Needs are not natural but are conditioned by economic, social, political, and cultural factors. Needs are not static or stable,... Continue reading "Phases of the Planning Process" »

How to Use TCP

Archive all sheets from computers on a production line. Create two files: one for mechanical parts and another for electrical parts. Organize sheets by teams and technical positions. Index all pages and place the index at the beginning for easy location.

When changing an element in the table, make a corresponding annotation. Establish a control period to meet maintenance system needs.

TCP (Technical Control Procedures)

Document the preventive maintenance system, indicating:

• Parts or assemblies to be changed and special inspections.
• Change or inspection period.
• When parts were changed or inspected in the past.
• Tentative next change or inspection.

TCP information helps develop maintenance and spare parts replenishment programs.

TCP provides:... Continue reading "TCP, PERT, Gantt: Maintenance Optimization Techniques" »

C. Benefits to the Educational Dimension

1) Organizational experiences are a social space and a key instrument for learning: Organizational processes are a real crucible for the formation of skills. The programs and activities of an organization produce situations and raise issues that create fertile ground for learning: learning to express oneself, to assume the exercise of responsibilities, exchange information, develop the practice of planning, etc. Both the successes of the organization and problem-solving enhance the ability of people to deal with others.

2) There is a social space and an instrument to promote the structuring of people's daily lives to create a stable frame of reference. Organizational activity becomes a powerful reference... Continue reading "Empowering Communities: Benefits of Organizational Participation" »

Relationships Vocabulary

Common Phrases and Terms

Item 4:

• Afraid of - afraid to
• Break up - split
• Common interests
• Common interests - couple - date - event
• Pair
• Fall in love with - love - to feel comfortable with
• Being comfortable
• Fond of - love
• To get on (your) nerves - make your hair stand on end
• Have a sense of humor - sense of humor
• Jealous of - envious
• Keep in touch - being in contact
• Lose friends - friends lose patience
• Lose patience
• Loyalty - loyalty
• Make friends - make friends
• Pleased for - happy - happy with
• Proud
• Proud of - relative - relative sense of humor
• Share common interests - share the same background - similar origin
• Interests like
• Sorry about - worth
• Treat - trust - trust
• Deal

Travel Vocabulary

Essential Words for Travelers

Item 5:

• Airfare - airfare
• Boring

Social Planning Perspectives

3.1 Planning Perspectives

1. The need for social planning.
2. The inescapable auxiliary.
3. The complementary productive.
4. Social planning and investment planning as instruments for social control.

3.2 Planning Traditions

1. Planning and social reform.
2. Planning as social mobilization has its sources in anarchist, utopian, and Marxist thought.
3. Policy planning.
4. Social planning and analysis.
5. Planning as social learning. On the conservative side, concepts were adopted by theorists.
6. A second line of a revolutionary spirit in which Dewey's influence, a more indirect source, ends up in the tradition of social mobilization.

The state's commitment to correcting social imbalances, with equal opportunities and social justice, will imply the need for... Continue reading "Social Services Planning: Strategies and Implementation" »

Understanding Key System Characteristics

Real-Time Systems

• Process data and return results quickly to influence the environment immediately.
• Interact with both users and the environment.
• Interrupt tasks to prioritize higher-priority operations.

Decision Support Systems

These are computer systems that provide information to managers for rational decision-making, but do not make decisions themselves.

Strategic Planning Systems

Knowledge-Based Systems (Expert Systems)

Associated with artificial intelligence, applying fuzzy logic. They contain extensive knowledge used to perform specific tasks.

System Representativeness

Information Systems

Must fully represent reality, integrated with all attributes: variables, data, states, transformations, and interactions.... Continue reading "Understanding Real-Time, Decision Support, and Information Systems" »

Organizational Classifications

Relationships Between Firms

• Independent companies.
• Joint ventures.

Economic Criteria

• Amount of capital.
• Number of staff employed.
• Volume of sales.

Organizational Structures

Formal Organization

It is the structure that arises from the delegation of authority from one level to another.

Informal Organization

Administrative Functions

Management is the process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the activities of members of the organization and the employment of all other organizational resources, in order to achieve the targets set for the organization.

Administrative Process Interaction

1. Planning

Planning is a process to establish goals and an appropriate course of action for their attainment.

2. Organization

Organizing... Continue reading "Organizational Principles and Administrative Processes" »

Administrative Process: A Comprehensive Understanding

Phases of the Administrative Process

Planning

Planning involves identifying objectives and determining the courses of action to be followed. It establishes strategies, policies, programs, and procedures to define what will be done and how.

Key Activities:

• Identify, clarify, and expand objectives
• Establish conditions for undertaking activities
• Select tasks to achieve objectives
• Establish policies, procedures, and methods for activity development

Organization

Organization entails distributing activities among members of the organization and establishing clear relationships between them.

Key Activities:

• Subdivide work into operating units
• Group operational obligations into operational positions
• Clarify requirements
• Select

Communication in the Company

Communication within a company can be categorized as vertical or horizontal.

Vertical Internal Communication

This occurs between employees and top managers. Upward communication aims to ensure managers are aware of the problems faced by workers.

Horizontal Communication

This type of communication arises between people who are at the same hierarchical level.

Motivation at Work

Motivation is a key factor in the workplace.

Money and Motivation

Money primarily serves to meet basic consumption needs (food, clothing, housing, etc.).

Future Expectations

When workers have the potential to improve and advance in their workplace, they are generally more motivated.

Recognition of Work

Recognizing the effort made by each person in their... Continue reading "Key Business Concepts: Communication, Motivation, Structure, Planning" »