Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other subjects

Political Risks in Multinational Enterprises

Political risks can be classified on three levels:

• Firm-specific risks: Also known as micro risks, these affect the MNE at the project or corporate level.
• Country-specific risks: Also known as macro risks, these also affect the MNE at the project or corporate level but originate at the country level.
• Global-specific risks: These affect the MNE at the project or corporate level but originate at the global level.

Firm-Specific Risks: Governance Risk

The main firm-specific risk is governance risk, which is the ability to exercise control over the MNE as a whole, globally, and within a specific country’s legal and political environment on the individual subsidiary level. The most important type of governance...

Theme 1: Company and Organization

Company: An institution where a diverse group of people transform resources into goods and/or services to meet needs and obtain benefits. It must be understood as a technical, economic, social, and political decision-making unit.

Organization: A group of people with the means and/or adequate resources, functioning through a set of established rules and procedures to achieve a particular purpose. They require physical, financial, technological, and human resources.

Difference: Firms are a type of organization that differ from others because, although they may have other purposes, profit is necessary for their creation and maintenance.

Functional Subsystems:

• Procurement: Responsible for decisions relating to the purchasing

School Culture: Defining Organizational Styles

The culture of an organization is defined as the set of values, ideas, beliefs, symbols, traditions, rituals, and operational styles that have endured over time and are shared by its members, who, in turn, possess an awareness of belonging. Four distinct styles of organizational culture are applicable in schools:

• 1. Results-Oriented School Culture

  This style features clear and hierarchical authority. It prioritizes the achievement of results over the processes used to attain them. The director acts as the primary driver, with other members involved in the process but having limited input on reflection or decision-making.

• 2. Society-Oriented School Culture

  Authority is shared in this model. It features

System Characteristics and Properties

For a system to be considered as such, it must have several interrelated factors and properties characteristic of the system.

Permeability

It is the flexibility of the system, which is neither fully open nor fully closed, allowing it to exchange energy with its environment or context.

Homeostasis (State Similar)

This refers to maintaining a regular operating system while undergoing permanent change processes. It involves mechanisms that allow self-balancing, correcting deviations or failures to ensure survival and growth. If the input level is equal to or greater than the output level, the system will maintain or grow.

Entropy

This represents the process of degeneration or obsolescence experienced by a system....

What is a System?

A system is a set of interrelated and interdependent elements. It is a whole composed of parts that communicate with each other, creating synergy.

Tickets (Inputs)

This refers to the dataset that feeds the system.

Outputs

This refers to the dataset that the system delivers as a result.

System Environment

The environment is the medium through which the system interacts.

Process

The process transforms an input into an output. This could be a machine, an individual, a computer, a chemical reaction, a task performed by a member of an organization, etc.

Black Box Concept

The black box is used to represent systems when the internal components or processes are unknown or not detailed.

Closed and Open Systems

Systems are classified as either open...

Communication in the Company

Communication within a company can be categorized as vertical or horizontal.

Vertical Internal Communication

This occurs between employees and top managers. Upward communication aims to ensure managers are aware of the problems faced by workers.

Horizontal Communication

This type of communication arises between people who are at the same hierarchical level.

Motivation at Work

Motivation is a key factor in the workplace.

Money and Motivation

Money primarily serves to meet basic consumption needs (food, clothing, housing, etc.).

Future Expectations

When workers have the potential to improve and advance in their workplace, they are generally more motivated.

Recognition of Work

Recognizing the effort made by each person in their...

How to Use TCP

Archive all sheets from computers on a production line. Create two files: one for mechanical parts and another for electrical parts. Organize sheets by teams and technical positions. Index all pages and place the index at the beginning for easy location.

When changing an element in the table, make a corresponding annotation. Establish a control period to meet maintenance system needs.

TCP (Technical Control Procedures)

Document the preventive maintenance system, indicating:

• Parts or assemblies to be changed and special inspections.
• Change or inspection period.
• When parts were changed or inspected in the past.
• Tentative next change or inspection.

TCP information helps develop maintenance and spare parts replenishment programs.

TCP provides:...

Key Functional Areas of a Company

A company should be considered a global system comprised of several subsystems. We understand each basic area of the various functions performed by the company in the development of its business, which are necessary to achieve its ultimate goals. The establishment, organization, coordination, delineation, etc., of these areas is based on the direction of the company.

Supply and Production Area

The primary function of this area is to responsibly provide raw materials in the most advantageous way possible for the company, considering both physical and economic conditions. It also controls the entire process of transforming these materials into finished products, sometimes storing these products until their sale....

Company: An organized entity created by one person or a group of people with the aim of achieving benefits or objectives, usually economic. Various factors contribute to production.

Company Size: Micro (<10 employees); Small (<50 employees); Medium (<250 employees); Large (>250 employees)

Legal Status: Legal capacity to act or undertake between an organization and the legal world, holding rights and obligations with third parties.

Types of Enterprises:

• Sole Proprietorship: (1 partner, unlimited liability, no separate legal personality)
• Limited Liability Company (SL): (2+ partners, liability limited to €3,005.06, separate legal personality)
• Public Limited Company (SA): (2+ partners, liability limited to €60,101.21, separate legal personality)

Technical Planning

• CI study and assessment (determining the degree of confidence to rest their audit procedures)
• Predecessor interview with auditors (to glean stronger evidence and information)
• Delivering the letter of observations and suggestions derived from the preliminary study (are suggestions the entity is eligible for and make necessary corrections)
• Determination of fee calculation
• Presentation of the proposed fees
• Signing the letter agreement

Administrative Planning

• Assignment of personnel involved with the audit
• Establishing policies and utilization of working papers (so that evidence can support the assertions of the auditor)
• Establishment of catalog and index marks
• Structure of the sets of auditing (the classification should be established