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Unit 8: Modal Verbs

Modals of Ability

• Can, Could, Be Able To - Express ability

Modals of Permission

• Can, Be Allowed To, Could - Express permission

Modals of Advice

• Should, Ought To - Give advice and make recommendations
• Had Better - Give advice, express intentions, and make warnings

Modals of Necessity, Obligation, and Prohibition

• Must - Express obligation
• Mustn't - Express prohibition
• Have To - Express obligation
• Don't Have To - Express no obligation
• Needn't - Express no obligation

Modals of Possibility and Certainty

• May/May Not/Might/Might Not/Could - Express possibility (present and future)
• Can't - Express that something seems impossible
• Must - Express certainty that something is true

Modals + Perfect Infinitive

• Might/May/Could + Have + Past Participle - Express

English Vocabulary & Grammar Notes

Vocabulary List (English - Basque)

• Affluent: dirudun
• Amount: kopuru
• Ban: debekatu
• Belly: tripa
• Break down: negar egin, matxuratu
• Break up: zatikatu
• Bring up: hezi
• Burglar: lapurra
• Cut down: murriztu
• Debris: hondakinak
• Device: gailua
• Devote: eskaini
• Facilities: instalazioak
• Flee: ihes egin
• Fleet: flota
• Fool: engainatu
• Harmful: kaltegarri
• Ingest: irentsi
• Inhabit: bizi izan
• Lack: falta izan, gabezia
• Launch: jaurti
• Lean on: gainean jarri
• Logging: baso-ustiapena
• Making their way: aurrera egin
• Make waves: arazoak sortu
• Nightmare: ametsgaiztoa
• Remind of: gogorarazi
• Turn out: suertatu
• Making a mountain out of a molehill: (Idiom)
• Tip of the iceberg: (Idiom)
• Warehouse: biltegia
• Vanished into thin air: desagertu
• Raise the issue: gaia atera

Modal Verbs

A Deep Dive into the Talmud Yerushalmi

History and Compilation

When was the Talmud Yerushalmi compiled?

According to the Rambam, it was compiled 300 years after the destruction of the Second Temple.

Does the Ravad agree with the Rambam's timeline?

No, the Ravad's calculation is that it was compiled 200 years after the destruction.

Who was Rabbi Yochanan, and how is he referred to in the Yerushalmi?

Rabbi Yochanan, also known as Bar Nafcha (son of the blacksmith) or Ben Hanefach in the Yerushalmi, was a key figure in its redaction. He was the brother-in-law of Reish Lakish.

Who else did Rabbi Yochanan learn from?

He studied under Rabbi Hoshea, Rabbi Abba, Rabbi Yannai, and Rabbi Chanina in Caesarea.

What does it mean that Rabbi Yochanan"compose" the Yerushalmi

–-Present= -present simple+adverbio de frecuencia(She often goes to work by bicycle) -will+adverbio de frecuencia(He will sometime go to the gym)

–Past= -past simple+adverbios de frecuencia(I always had milk before bed when i was young) -would(‘d)(every sumer we would go to the same hotel)(con estate verbs no se usa-solo acciones) -used to(negative didn’t use to)(I used to have piano lessons(ya no las tengo)) Would no se utiliza con stative verbs para stative verbs used to

–-Criticizing habitual actions= -situaciones habituales que nos molestan -present/past continuous+adverb(always-constantly..)(She always complaining about her job) -para enfatizar usamos will/would(she will stay up late watching tv)

Part 1: Financial Ratios and Metrics

Working Capital

Working Capital = Accounts Receivable + Stock - Accounts Payable

Net Short-Term Debt

Net Short-Term Debt = Short-Term Debt - Cash

Net Total Debt

Net Total Debt = Net Short-Term Debt + Long-Term Debt

Net Total Investment

Net Total Investment = Working Capital + Net Fixed Assets

Security Stock

Security Stock = Working Capital - Net Short-Term Debt

Average Collection Period (ACP)

ACP = [(Average Accounts Receivable) / (Revenues)] * 365

Average Sales Period (ASP)

ASP = [(Average Stock) / (Cost of Sales)] * 365

Purchases

Purchases = Cost of Sales + Stock2 - Stock1

Average Payment Period (APP)

APP = [(Average Accounts Payable) / (Purchases)] * 365

Financial Average Maturity

Financial Average Maturity = Sum of Averages

Cash

(PS) [SUJETO] + [VERBO] (en infinitivo sin to) A la tercera persona se le añade s. Para los verbos acabados en "-o","-sh", "-ch" , "-ss", "-x" , "-z", "-y" se añade "-es" en lugar de "-spara la 3ª persona del singular".Rutinas, Situaciones permanentes, Leyes naturales o físicas

(PC) [SUJETO]+ am/are/is (verbo to be) + [ VERBO CON -ING Se sustituye la "-e"final por "-ing"] Acciones que se están haciendo en el mismo momento que se habla situaciones cíclicas en un periodo de tiempo definido

(PAC)El pasado continuose utiliza para acciones que ocurrieron en un momento específico en el pasado, verbo auxiliar “to be” y el gerundio (infinitivo + “-ing”)I was talking

(PAS)pasado simple para acciones completas en el pasado, usamos el... Continue reading "Verb Tenses in English: Rules and Examples" »

Money Idioms

• made a fortune
• tighten your belt
• hard up
• cost an arm and a leg
• break the bank
• make a killing
• money to burn
• bread and butter
• pour money down the drain
• bring home the bacon
• live from hand to mouth
• from rags to riches
• keep the wolf from the door

Phrasal Verbs

• pay off
• rip off
• run up
• pay back
• splash out
• put aside
• put down

Get

• get it
• get around to
• get into
• get out of
• get something out of
• get over
• get past
• get back to (someone)
• get together
• get acquainted with
• get to the point
• get ready
• get away (with)

Space

• asteroid
• orbit
• comet
• planets
• constellation
• rings
• crater
• solar system
• eclipse
• star
• galaxy
• sun
• meteor
• meteorite
• Milky Way
• moon
• telescope
• astronaut
• spacecraft
• rocket
• space probe
• lunar module
• UFO

Conditionals

• 0 conditional: siempre sucede 'pres.s+pres.s'
• 1 conditional: posible situación en el futuro

Common Spanish Verb and Preposition Pairings

acercarse a - to approach

arrepentirse de - to regret

atreverse a - to dare

convertirse en - to become

darse cuenta de - to realize

enterarse de - to find out about

fijarse en - to take notice of

morirse de - to die of

olvidarse de - to forget

preocuparse por - to worry

quejarse de - to complain

sorprenderse de - to be surprised about

Additional Meanings of 'para' and 'por'

para - destination, deadline/future time, goal, purpose, recipient, comparison with others, employment.

por - motion/general location, duration, reason/motive, object of search, means by which, exchange/substitution, measure

English Verb Tenses: Active and Passive Voice

Common English Phrasal Verbs

• Come across: Descubrir (Discover)
• Bring up: Mencionar / Educar (Mention / Raise)
• Come along: Acompañar a alguien (Accompany someone)

Common English Suffixes in Professions

Verb + -er/-or

• Many professions are formed by adding -er or -or to a verb. Examples: editor, farmer.

Noun + -ist

• Professions in medicine and science often use the suffix -ist. Example: neurologist.
• Musicians also commonly use this suffix. Example: violinist.

Noun + -ian

• Professions ending in -c or -cs often take the suffix -ian. Example: politician.

Suffixes in Beliefs, Movements, and Ideologies

Useful Vocabulary for Career and Achievement

• Achieve: Conseguir
• Achievement: Logro
• Challenging: Estimulante
• Fail: Suspender
• Fulfill: Alcanzar
• Goal: Objetivo
• Motivated: Motivado
• Overcome: Superar
• Pass: Aprobar
• Put pressure on: Presionar
• Satisfying: