Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other languages

VOCABULARY

TYPES OF FAMILIES

• The Extended Family: This family is composed of parents, aunts, uncles, grandparents, and other family members who live in the same household.
• The Stepfamily: In this type of family, also known as a blended family, the children are not biologically related to one of the parents. The parents have a new partner or spouse due to divorce or death.
• The Single-Parent Family: Also known as a lone-parent family, it is made up of one parent who is raising one or more children by him or herself.
• The Childless Family: This family includes a husband and wife but doesn't include children.
• The Nuclear Family: This is the traditional type of family, which consists of two parents and an only child or siblings. The parents are usually

Modal Verbs

• Necessity: When something is needed (e.g., need to)
• Obligation: When something is obligatory (e.g., must, have to)
• Lack of Obligation: When something is not necessary (e.g., don't have to, needn't)
• Prohibition: When something is not allowed (e.g., mustn't, can't)
• Advice: Giving a suggestion (e.g., should(n't), ought (not) to)

Talking About Habits

Structures used for present and past habits:

• Used to (past habits)
• Always (present or past habits)
• Present Simple (present habits/routines)
• Present Continuous (annoying present habits, often with always)
• Past Simple (past habits/routines)

Using Be/Get Used To

• Used to + base verb: Refers to a past habit or state that no longer exists.
• Be used to + -ing/noun: Means to be accustomed to something.
• Get used

Unit 8: Modal Verbs

Modals of Ability

• Can, Could, Be Able To - Express ability

Modals of Permission

• Can, Be Allowed To, Could - Express permission

Modals of Advice

• Should, Ought To - Give advice and make recommendations
• Had Better - Give advice, express intentions, and make warnings

Modals of Necessity, Obligation, and Prohibition

• Must - Express obligation
• Mustn't - Express prohibition
• Have To - Express obligation
• Don't Have To - Express no obligation
• Needn't - Express no obligation

Modals of Possibility and Certainty

• May/May Not/Might/Might Not/Could - Express possibility (present and future)
• Can't - Express that something seems impossible
• Must - Express certainty that something is true

Modals + Perfect Infinitive

• Might/May/Could + Have + Past Participle - Express

English Vocabulary & Grammar Notes

Vocabulary List (English - Basque)

• Affluent: dirudun
• Amount: kopuru
• Ban: debekatu
• Belly: tripa
• Break down: negar egin, matxuratu
• Break up: zatikatu
• Bring up: hezi
• Burglar: lapurra
• Cut down: murriztu
• Debris: hondakinak
• Device: gailua
• Devote: eskaini
• Facilities: instalazioak
• Flee: ihes egin
• Fleet: flota
• Fool: engainatu
• Harmful: kaltegarri
• Ingest: irentsi
• Inhabit: bizi izan
• Lack: falta izan, gabezia
• Launch: jaurti
• Lean on: gainean jarri
• Logging: baso-ustiapena
• Making their way: aurrera egin
• Make waves: arazoak sortu
• Nightmare: ametsgaiztoa
• Remind of: gogorarazi
• Turn out: suertatu
• Making a mountain out of a molehill: (Idiom)
• Tip of the iceberg: (Idiom)
• Warehouse: biltegia
• Vanished into thin air: desagertu
• Raise the issue: gaia atera

Modal Verbs

A Deep Dive into the Talmud Yerushalmi

History and Compilation

When was the Talmud Yerushalmi compiled?

According to the Rambam, it was compiled 300 years after the destruction of the Second Temple.

Does the Ravad agree with the Rambam's timeline?

No, the Ravad's calculation is that it was compiled 200 years after the destruction.

Who was Rabbi Yochanan, and how is he referred to in the Yerushalmi?

Rabbi Yochanan, also known as Bar Nafcha (son of the blacksmith) or Ben Hanefach in the Yerushalmi, was a key figure in its redaction. He was the brother-in-law of Reish Lakish.

Who else did Rabbi Yochanan learn from?

He studied under Rabbi Hoshea, Rabbi Abba, Rabbi Yannai, and Rabbi Chanina in Caesarea.

What does it mean that Rabbi Yochanan"compose" the Yerushalmi

Part 1: Financial Ratios and Metrics

Working Capital

Working Capital = Accounts Receivable + Stock - Accounts Payable

Net Short-Term Debt

Net Short-Term Debt = Short-Term Debt - Cash

Net Total Debt

Net Total Debt = Net Short-Term Debt + Long-Term Debt

Net Total Investment

Net Total Investment = Working Capital + Net Fixed Assets

Security Stock

Security Stock = Working Capital - Net Short-Term Debt

Average Collection Period (ACP)

ACP = [(Average Accounts Receivable) / (Revenues)] * 365

Average Sales Period (ASP)

ASP = [(Average Stock) / (Cost of Sales)] * 365

Purchases

Purchases = Cost of Sales + Stock2 - Stock1

Average Payment Period (APP)

APP = [(Average Accounts Payable) / (Purchases)] * 365

Financial Average Maturity

Financial Average Maturity = Sum of Averages

Cash

(PS) [SUJETO] + [VERBO] (en infinitivo sin to) A la tercera persona se le añade s. Para los verbos acabados en "-o","-sh", "-ch" , "-ss", "-x" , "-z", "-y" se añade "-es" en lugar de "-spara la 3ª persona del singular".Rutinas, Situaciones permanentes, Leyes naturales o físicas

(PC) [SUJETO]+ am/are/is (verbo to be) + [ VERBO CON -ING Se sustituye la "-e"final por "-ing"] Acciones que se están haciendo en el mismo momento que se habla situaciones cíclicas en un periodo de tiempo definido

(PAC)El pasado continuose utiliza para acciones que ocurrieron en un momento específico en el pasado, verbo auxiliar “to be” y el gerundio (infinitivo + “-ing”)I was talking

(PAS)pasado simple para acciones completas en el pasado, usamos el... Continue reading "Verb Tenses in English: Rules and Examples" »

Money Idioms

• made a fortune
• tighten your belt
• hard up
• cost an arm and a leg
• break the bank
• make a killing
• money to burn
• bread and butter
• pour money down the drain
• bring home the bacon
• live from hand to mouth
• from rags to riches
• keep the wolf from the door

Phrasal Verbs

• pay off
• rip off
• run up
• pay back
• splash out
• put aside
• put down

Get

• get it
• get around to
• get into
• get out of
• get something out of
• get over
• get past
• get back to (someone)
• get together
• get acquainted with
• get to the point
• get ready
• get away (with)

Space

• asteroid
• orbit
• comet
• planets
• constellation
• rings
• crater
• solar system
• eclipse
• star
• galaxy
• sun
• meteor
• meteorite
• Milky Way
• moon
• telescope
• astronaut
• spacecraft
• rocket
• space probe
• lunar module
• UFO

Conditionals

• 0 conditional: siempre sucede 'pres.s+pres.s'
• 1 conditional: posible situación en el futuro

UNIT 3

• 1. We thank you for your letter of...
  - Le damos las gracias por su carta del...
• 2. In reply to your letter of...
  - En contestación a su carta del...
• 3. Thank you for your letter of...
  - Le damos las gracias por su carta de...
• 4. With reference to your letter of...
  - En referencia a su carta de...
• 5. Further to...
  - En referencia a...
• 6. We are pleased to enclose...
  - Estamos encantados de adjuntarle...
• 7. We have pleasure in enclosing...
  - Tenemos el placer de adjuntarle...
• 8. Our prices are subject to a 5% discount for cash...
  - Nuestros precios están sujetos a un 5% de descuento por pago en efectivo.
• 9. We have sent today by separate post...
  - Le hemos enviado hoy por correo aparte...
• 10. We require payment by banker's draft.
  - Necesitamos el pago

Key Vocabulary and Phrases

Phrasal Verbs

• build up: construir / desarrollar
• carry on: continuar
• get out of: salir de (un lugar) / evitar
• get over: superar
• hook up: enganchar / conectar
• join in: unirse
• let someone down: decepcionar a alguien
• live on: vivir con / subsistir con
• set up: configurar / establecer

General Terms & Concepts

• handle: encargarse de / manejar
• overwhelmed: abrumado
• reassurance: consuelo / tranquilidad
• well-being: bienestar

Idioms Related to Emotions & Conflict

• cool it: tranquilizarse
• blow your top: enojarse mucho / perder los estribos
• defuse a situation: calmar la situación
• fly off the handle: perder los estribos
• see red: enojarse mucho
• give someone a piece of your mind: regañar a alguien / decirle lo que piensas
• keep the peace: mantener