Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Other courses

Communication was essential. This led to the growth of the metallurgical industry, particularly around Maquinista Barcelona. During the last quarter of the 19th century, many factories were located near rivers to utilize hydropower, explaining the proliferation of industrial settlements in these areas.

Rising prices, caused by a lack of energy sources, made Catalan textile products uncompetitive. Catalan industrialists requested protectionist tariffs from the central government to monopolize the Spanish and colonial markets.

The Evolution of the Labor Movement

Labor organizations were divided between anarchists and Marxists. During the first seven years of the Restoration under Cánovas, labor organizations operated underground.

The Restoration... Continue reading "Labor Movements and Social Change in 19th Century Spain" »

Source of Citizenship: A Common Definition

According to the definition of citizenship, citizenship seems to have these features:

• Members of a community that reside on a permanent basis in a territory.
• Enjoyment of rights that must be protected by the city or state, is the opportunity to participate in the work of the community's government policy directly or indirectly.

Citizenship in Greco-Roman Antiquity

In Roman law, the term civis was reserved for members of the community: men, not slaves, of age, born to Roman parents, etc. Women, slaves, foreigners, etc. were not considered citizens and had fewer rights. In Greece, the recognized political term used to refer to the citizen was a member of the political community that met the requirements.... Continue reading "Understanding Citizenship: From Ancient Greece to Rome" »

A

• Aloa: A poem, shortly.
• Altruistic: Trying the good of others without expecting profit.
• Allude: Mention.
• Arancel: Official rate.
• Argue: To dispute, to debate.
• Aria: Musical composition.
• Arrogant: Proud, graceful, brave.
• Augustus: Having respect for something majestic.
• Augur: Prophet of negative events.

B

• Banal: Trivial, vulgar.
• Buero: Pointless.

C

• Callow: Immature.
• Caustic: Aggressive, trenchant.
• Celibate: Unmarried.
• Choleric: Easily carried away by anger.
• Customary: The usual.

D

• Diaphanous: Transparent.
• Diatribe: Speech against someone.
• Dim: Resign.
• Discourteous: Disagreeable.
• Discolo: Conflictive.

E

• Egis: Protection.
• Emplaster: Place a layer of plaster on the wall.
• Epitome: Summary, outline.
• Equity: Equality.
• Eremite: Hermit.
• Execrate: To damn.

F

• Famished: Hungry.
• Feeble:

Risk Mitigation in Purchase/Sale Transactions

• Goods in Transit Insurance: Risk-based coverage for transport means, company, goods, packaging, etc.
• Default Risk Protection:
  • Assessment based on client risk and country.
  • Financial solutions like non-recourse factoring.
  • In Spain, collaboration with ECESB (Spanish export credit company).
• Non-Delivery Risk Mitigation for Paid Documentary Credits.
• Currency Exchange Risk Management.

Documentary Letter of Credit

• The Letter of Credit (L/C) offers the most secure payment method for exporters, albeit at a higher cost for importers.
• A bank, at the importer's request, commits to pay the exporter upon presentation of compliant documents.
• Assures importers of goods delivery as per payment and exporters of payment recovery.

Golden Age Spanish Theater

Comedies in the Golden Age

Comedies were performed in courtyards, with townspeople standing and nobles in rented balconies. Women were segregated from men, and performances took place during daylight. Cross Pens and Prince achieved fame. Purpose-built theaters later facilitated further development of scenery.

Lope de Vega

Lope de Vega, author of New Art of Doing Comedies, was a prolific playwright and poet. His dramatic works earned him significant fame. Over 300 comedies reflect the characteristics established in his treatise, alongside 42 morality plays.

Notable Works by Lope de Vega

• National Issue Comedies: Fuenteovejuna, El caballero de Olmedo
• Invented Theme Comedies: Often focused on love, including swashbuckling comedies

Research Methodologies in Communication

Data Collection Methods

Field Work

Advantages: Rich, deep, flexible insights into real-life situations.

Limitations: Limited generalizability due to small community focus.

Surveys/Polls

Advantages: Large sample sizes, easy quantification and comparison, facilitates data analysis.

Limitations: Limited qualitative information, potential for dishonesty, lack of flexibility and nuance, superficial insights.

Laboratory Experiments

Advantages: Replicable, controlled variables, easy generalization.

Limitations: Artificial setting, difficult extrapolation to real life, potential for experimental bias.

Life Stories/Interviews

Advantages: Rich, in-depth information, allows study of evolving actions and beliefs, close to everyday... Continue reading "Communication Synergies & Intercultural Communication" »

Victorian England (1837-1901)

Trade and Merchant-Marine Fleet

Free trade propelled the growth of the merchant-marine fleet.

Political System

The liberal bourgeoisie gained more power, setting laws and acts between 1832 and 1885.

Parliamentary Reform Acts

• 1st Reform Act (1832): Redistributed Parliament seats, impacting liberal and conservative representation.
• 2nd Reform Act (1867): Extended voting rights to more sectors of society.
• 3rd Reform Act (1884): Introduced universal male suffrage.

Women gained the right to vote in 1931.

Liberal Parties and Self-Governance

With the rise of liberal parties, workers gained the right to vote. The push for self-government in Ireland led to the emergence of nationalism and support for immigrants. Following World War... Continue reading "Victorian England and the English Colonial Empire" »

Commercial Law Content

The content of the second commercial is synthesized as follows:

• Regulation of the employer and its legal status
• Company Law
• Law of obligations and commercial contracts
• Law of securities
• Bankruptcy law
• Competition law and industrial property

Sources of Commercial Law

The commercial law system participates in the formal sources of our legal system which, remember, according to Art. 1 CC is the law, custom, and general principles of law. However, Art. 2 BCC provides a specialty in the hierarchy of sources. Specifically, Article 2Cco provides that acts of trade are governed by: 1, by the provisions contained therein, failing that, that is, if no applicable provision 2nd custom or usage by commercial (commercial uses) and 3rd the absence... Continue reading "Commercial Law: Employer Status, Sources, and Key Concepts" »

Market Segmentation in Financial Institutions

Segmentation in a financial institution can occur in response to different situations. For example, segments can be created for new entrepreneurs, youth, pensioners, or based on age, income level, workplace, or social groups, including Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs).

Physical vs. Online Financial Institutions

Internet:

• Lower operating costs
• Access to new technologies
• Potential for cost savings and improved quality of proposals
• Drawback: Lack of personal contact, leading to a perception of coldness

Physical Entities:

• Higher operating costs
• Proposals may be of lower quality compared to online offerings
• Advantage: Direct customer interaction fosters trust and reliability

Types of Operations in Financial