Victorian England and the English Colonial Empire

Victorian England (1837-1901)

Trade and Merchant-Marine Fleet

Free trade propelled the growth of the merchant-marine fleet.

Political System

The liberal bourgeoisie gained more power, setting laws and acts between 1832 and 1885.

Parliamentary Reform Acts

• 1st Reform Act (1832): Redistributed Parliament seats, impacting liberal and conservative representation.
• 2nd Reform Act (1867): Extended voting rights to more sectors of society.
• 3rd Reform Act (1884): Introduced universal male suffrage.

Women gained the right to vote in 1931.

Liberal Parties and Self-Governance

With the rise of liberal parties, workers gained the right to vote. The push for self-government in Ireland led to the emergence of nationalism and support for immigrants. Following World War I in 1914, Ireland achieved independence.

English Colonial Empire

Imperial Expansion and Conflict

England aimed to maintain and expand its empire. Competition for territories with other countries led to frictions and ultimately contributed to World War I.

England as a Colonial Power

By 1850, England controlled trade routes and established various types of colonies:

• Establishments on the African Coast (involved in the slave trade)
• Plantation colonies (focused on tropical fruit production)
• Colonies of white settlement and exploitation

Colonial Migration and Self-Government

In 1882, crop failures and other factors encouraged migration to colonies of settlement and self-government. These colonies enjoyed autonomy under a Governor-General appointed by the English Parliament.

The expansion of colonies, such as India, provided access to raw materials. This expansion also led to conflicts, such as the Sepoy Revolt of 1858.

Communication Modes and Language

Looking Statements

The trial begins at 2.

Interrogator: Obtain information. Are you gay?

Mandatory: Influence the recipient. Did not eat that.

Exclamations: Are 2! Are you gay! Do not eat!

Modalities

• Limitation: Statement as true. Today, I will turn.
• Desiderando: Statement as desirable. Hopefully...
• Doubtful: Expressing doubt. Indeed, perhaps, approve.
• Likelihood: Presenting facts as possible. May...
• Values: Assigning values to facts. Thou canst not go.

Polysemy and Homonymy

Polysemic: Words with multiple related meanings. Mountain.

Homonymous: Words with the same spelling but different meanings (homographs) or words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings (homophones). Cat distinguished from vacabaca.

Adjective Degrees

• Positive: The house is big.
• Comparative: This house is more expensive than yours.
• Superlative: This house is the most expensive.

Types of Names

• Specific: Name.
• Explanatory: Name.
• Qualifying: Smart, large.

Colloquialisms and Quasi-Determiners

Colloquialisms: Madrid, Valencia.

Quasi-determiners: Next, previous.

Sentence Classification by Predicate Structure

• Copula: Verb to be, or appear to be + attribute.
• Preacher: Copula.
• Transitive: Verb + predicative direct object.
• Predicative: Verb.
• Intransitive: No direct object.
• Impersonal: No subject. "As if you say something."
• Passive: The subject receives the action.
• Active: The subject performs the action.

Figures of Speech

• Metaphor: Imaginary elements presented as real. Diamonds as tears.
• Hyperbole: Exaggeration. Giant for a small person.
• Metonymy: I went outside and had two glasses (glasses representing the liquid they contain).