Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Other courses

Kant and the Enlightenment

Immanuel Kant is a central figure of the Enlightenment. He defines Enlightenment as achieving maturity. Kant advocates for every human being to use Reason to determine their destiny. Freedom lies in the responsible use of Reason. Freedom, responsibility, and moral autonomy are inseparable from the Enlightenment and Reason.

Kant's Moral Philosophy

Kant seeks to understand the moral being of man. He asks what can be considered inherently good without qualification, which is goodwill.

Key Features of Kantian Ethics

A main feature of Kantian ethics is that the weight of morality is on the intention, not the consequences. Reason, for Kant, requires universality and necessity in both pure (theoretical) and practical (moral)... Continue reading "Kant's Enlightenment Philosophy: Ethics and Morality" »

Technical Healthcare Models

Program in Health

Analysis of the health situation through patterns of illness, vulnerability, and risk of death by disease and injury.

Intersectoral Policies

Analysis of health based on general living conditions, highlighting the need for access to collective goods crucial for healthcare quality. Emphasizes intersectoral health promotion in areas like environment, education, physical activity, and urban planning.

Health Promotion

Combines epidemiological methods with health promotion, emphasizing health education and individual/population autonomy. Considers factors affecting health quality, the need for information to promote independence, and access to healthcare technologies. Stresses the link between health professionals... Continue reading "Technical Healthcare Models & Relief Model Construction in SUS" »

"I Think Therefore I Am": Descartes' First Principle

"I think, therefore I am." This text reflects Descartes' discovery of the first principle of philosophy. In the first lines, Descartes expresses doubt regarding the testimony of the senses. This is the first level of methodical doubt, invalidating any scientific certainty and the apparent evidence of external reality to thought. From the third line, the text reflects the second and third levels of doubt: the inability to distinguish waking from sleep, and the risk of error even in the simplest truths of geometry or mathematics. This is the application of methodical doubt to reasoning itself. However, as Descartes reaches this level of depth in implementing doubt as a method, a radical enlightenment... Continue reading "Descartes' Cogito: Understanding 'I Think Therefore I Am'" »

Definition

Dismissal is a court decision indicating insufficient grounds to proceed with a trial, thus avoiding unnecessary proceedings. It can occur at the intermediate stage or during the opening phase, leading to either termination or suspension of the process.

Types of Dismissal

Free Dismissal (Art. 637 LECrim)

This court order is issued when there's no possibility of charges, resulting in premature and final termination with res judicata effect. Reasons include:

• No reasonable suspicion of the accused committing the crime.
• The act isn't a criminal offense (leading to a procedural change, not termination).
• Defendants are immune from liability (due to non-participation or exemption under Art. 20 CP).

Provisional Dismissal (Art. 641 LECrim)

Issued... Continue reading "Dismissal in Spanish Criminal Proceedings" »

Descartes' Theory of Substances

The theory of the terms of commonality is the weakest part of Cartesian theory. The Cartesian doctrine of reality is based on the cogito, from which the self is sensed as a substance whose whole essence is to think. Descartes defines substances *a priori* under existing concrete entities, but one that does not need anything else besides itself. He distinguishes three types:

• Res Cogitans: The human being is conceived as a thinking substance; its body does not need thought to exist.
• Res Infinita: The thinking being is imperfect, so it needs a perfect being (God).
• Res Extensa: The thinking being has a body, just like everything else.

Descartes' concept of the thinking substance assumes that the only thing beyond doubt... Continue reading "Descartes' Substance Theory: Mind, Body, and God" »

KNX Applications in Commercial Buildings

• Energy Management
• Lighting Control
• Blind and Shutter Control
• Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Control
• Security and Safety
• Operation and Visualization
• Automation and Remote Access

Connecting M-Bus Meters to KNX

A gateway is placed between the M-Bus lines and the KNX two-wire system. The gateway acts as an M-Bus master, supporting up to 16 values from up to 8 M-Bus devices. Data readout can be cyclical or triggered by a KNX read telegram.

Why Installers Choose KNX

• High-Tech
• Flexibility
• Quick Assembly
• Reduced Risk
• Integration
• User-Friendly Tools

Why Architects Choose KNX

• International Uniform Standard
• Flexibility in Usage
• One System for All Applications
• Enhanced Comfort
• Continuous Security
• Seamless Communication
• Cost

Physiological Rhythms and Mood

Physiological rhythm is the propagation of energy throughout the body, produced by the chain, succession, and differentiation of muscular work. A lively rhythm is rooted in our inner psychic and psychosomatic characteristics, but also depends on situational and environmental factors. External rhythms can organize the body in time and space simultaneously.

Types of Rhythm

• Monorhythm: maintains the same rhythmic structure.
• Polyrhythm: rhythmic variations in execution time. Facilitates the development of creativity.
• Arrhythmic: lacks a stable rhythmic structure; allows for further development of creativity and expressiveness.

Aerobics

Aerobics means "oxygen for life." First used by Pasteur (1875), the method was created... Continue reading "Physiological Rhythms, Aerobics, and Dance: A Holistic Approach to Movement and Well-being" »

Fetal Development Stages

Overview

Fetal development primarily involves rapid body growth, tissue differentiation, and the formation of organs and systems. The fetal period is marked by significant growth, especially in the final weeks.

Viability

Fetal viability refers to the ability of a fetus to survive outside the uterus (after premature birth). Fetuses weighing less than 500g at birth typically do not survive. With postnatal care, some fetuses born weighing less than 500g may survive. Many term pregnancies with low birth weight result from intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The majority of fetuses born weighing between 1500g and 2500g survive but may experience complications. Prematurity is a common cause of morbidity and perinatal death.... Continue reading "Fetal Development Stages: A Comprehensive Guide" »

Tema 2: Financial Statement Analysis

Section 1: Merchandise and Bank Transactions

Merchandise and VAT

• Merchandise: $2,500,000
• VAT Credit: $475,000
• Total: $2,975,000 (1.5 points)

Bank and Receivables

• Bank: $2,499,000 ( ($4,200,000 + $798,000) / 2 )
• Accounts Receivable: $2,648,940
• Cost of Sales: $3,290,000 ( ($261,800 / 1.19) x 7 + $250,000 x 7 ) (3 points)

Revenue and Expenses

• Merchandise: $3,290,000
• Revenue from Sales: $4,200,000 ($300,000 x 14)
• VAT Debit: $798,000 ($4,200,000 x 0.19)
• Interest Earned: $149,940 ($2,499,000 x 0.02 x 3)

Section 2: Additional Transactions

Merchandise and Sales

• Merchandise: $220,000
• Revenue from Sales: $300,000
• VAT Debit: $57,000
• Total: $357,000 (2 points)
• Cost of Sales: $220,000

Repair Expenses

• Repair Expense: $10,000 (1.5 points)
• Units:

Hobbes and Rousseau: A Comparison

Hobbes: Human Nature and the Philosophy of Power

According to Hobbes, human nature is composed of two elements that determine political problems:

1. Natural Equality of Men: All men are created equal.
2. Scarcity of Goods: Men crave goods due to their needs, leading to competition.

Language is crucial for civil society and the state. Without language, there would be no state, civil society, peace agreements, or distinction from animals. Language makes man a citizen, highlighting his rationality. Reason remains constant in its purposes and means.

Analysis of Power

Hobbes opposes the optimistic view of natural law theorists who believe in man's natural inclination to sociability. The first law of nature leads to conflict... Continue reading "Hobbes and Rousseau: Natural Law, Sovereignty, and the Social Contract" »