Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other courses

Capital Structure

Capital structure refers to how a company finances its operations and investments using different combinations of debt and equity. This structure significantly impacts the company's financial strength and profitability.

Simply put, a company can finance itself through debt (loans, bonds, etc.) or equity (stocks). The choice between these two types of financing determines the capital structure.

Debt involves borrowing money that must be repaid with interest. This can increase financial risk if the debt cannot be repaid, but it can also offer tax benefits due to the deductibility of interest.

Equity, on the other hand, involves financing the company by issuing and selling shares. This does not require interest payments, but it dilutes... Continue reading "Corporate Capital Structure and Pension Planning" »

Phrasal Verbs

• Taken over: To take control of
• Call for: To require
• Getting at: To insinuate
• Taking on: To assume
• Logging on: To initiate a session
• Picking up: To collect
• Down with: To reject, disapproval
• Bring along: To bring something with you
• Told us off: To reprimand
• Sign up: To register
• Broken out: To have symptoms, to become ill
• Coming: Imminent, about to arrive
• Came on: To advance, to begin
• Going out: To go out to dinner, out of fashion
• Come down with: The onset of an illness
• Signed up for: Registered, enrolled
• Come on: To encourage someone to do something

Work and Business

• The job market: The labor market
• Management
• Marketing
• A market researcher: A market researcher
• Market share: Market share
• On the market: On the market
• Qualifications: Qualifications
• Stock market:

English Exercises

Grammar

1 - D. 2 - B. 3 - B. 4 - D. 5 - A. 6 - C. 7 - B. 8 - B. 9 - A. 10 - B.

Vocabulary

• Get married
• Leave work
• Start school
• Settle down
• Have children
• Become a grandparent
• Grow up
• Pass away
• Retire from work
• Raise a family

Reading

1 - TRUE. 2 - FALSE. 3 - FALSE. 4 - TRUE. 5 - TRUE.

6 - TRUE. 7 - TRUE. 8 - FALSE. 9 - TRUE. 10 - FALSE.

Business Correspondence Examples

Business Loan Inquiry for a New Company

Subject: Business Loan Inquiry for My New Company

Dear Sir/Madam,

I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to inquire about obtaining a business loan to finance my new company. Here are the details:

1. Business Type: I plan to start a small technology consulting firm specializing in providing IT solutions and services to local businesses.

The Double-Edged Sword of Social Media for Teens

These days, many teenagers spend a significant amount of time on social media. This habit has both positive and negative consequences that can impact their health, social lives, and daily routines.

Negative Impacts on Health and Academics

The drawbacks of excessive social media use are numerous and can be quite serious. Spending too much time on screens can harm an adolescent's well-being in several ways:

• Physical Health: Prolonged screen time can damage eyesight and cause frequent headaches or even migraines.
• Academic Performance: It consumes a great deal of time that could be dedicated to studies, leading to a loss of focus and concentration.
• Social Development: It reduces time spent in person with

Phrasal Verb Examples

1. Break Down

   Tina's computer broke down in the middle of her paper.

2. Turn Down

   She turned down all the men who asked her to marry them.

3. Look Up To

   That teacher is someone I look up to.

4. Get On With

   Does Sheila get on well with her parents?

5. Look Into

   Have scientists ever looked into the way animals communicate with humans?

6. Get By

   It is difficult for the family to get by on the money they have.

7. Look Forward To

   The girls are looking forward to seeing their grandparents again.

8. Come Up With

   The inventor came up with a solution to the problem in a dream.

9. Put Off

   They have put off the meeting until next Friday.

10. Work Out

    It was difficult to work out what was happening in the story.

11. Look Up

    Will you look up this word in the dictionary?

12. Drop Out

    I didn't know

The Snail and the Squirrel Race

Once upon a time, there was a squirrel who constantly made fun of the snail's slowness. The snail, tired of the teasing, challenged the squirrel to a race. The squirrel, confident in his speed, accepted the challenge immediately.

The snail, although he knew he was slower than the squirrel, accepted the challenge with humility. The race began, and the squirrel took a big advantage at first, running fast along the road. However, as the race progressed, the squirrel felt confident and stopped to rest under a tree. "There's no way the snail will reach me now!" the squirrel thought while picking fruits to eat.

Meanwhile, the snail continued to advance step by step, without stopping or losing its rhythm. Although it was... Continue reading "The Snail and the Squirrel: A Tale of Perseverance" »

Major Muscle Origin, Insertion, and Action (OIA)

Muscles of the Neck and Torso

Sternocleidomastoid

• Origin (O): Manubrium of sternum and medial clavicle
• Insertion (I): Mastoid process
• Action (A): Rotates the head (unilaterally)

Pectoralis Major

• Origin (O): Sternum, medial clavicle, and costal cartilages 2-6
• Insertion (I): Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
• Action (A): Flexes and adducts the arm

Trapezius

• Origin (O): Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and C7-T12 vertebrae
• Insertion (I): Clavicle, acromion, and scapular spine
• Action (A): Elevates, superiorly rotates, retracts, and depresses the scapula

Latissimus Dorsi

• Origin (O): Spinous processes of T7-L5, ribs 10-12, and iliac crest
• Insertion (I): Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
• Action (A): Extends,

1. Insurance Agents

An insurance agent legally represents the insurance company (principal) and acts on its behalf. Their authority stems from express, implied, and apparent authority.

2. Insurance Brokers

A broker legally represents the insured. They don't have the authority to bind the insurer but can solicit and accept insurance applications, placing coverage with a suitable insurer. Brokers receive commissions from insurers where the business is placed.

3. Exclusive Agency System

In this system, an agent represents only one insurer or a group of insurers under common ownership. Agents may be contractually restricted from representing other insurers. They don't own policy expirations or renewal rights; the agency does. Renewal commissions are... Continue reading "Insurance Entities: Agents, Brokers, and Insurer Types" »