Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems

Sintassi SQL: DDL e DML

Modifica delle Tabelle (ALTER TABLE)

ALTER TABLE nome_tabella {
ADD [COLUMN] nome_colonna tipo |
DROP [COLUMN] nome_colonna [{CASCADE | RESTRICT}] |
ALTER [COLUMN] nome_colonna SET DEFAULT valore |
ALTER [COLUMN] nome_colonna DROP DEFAULT |
ADD CONSTRAINT creditoMax CHECK (crediti ≤ 12); |
DROP CONSTRAINT nome_vincolo [{CASCADE | RESTRICT}] }

Inserimento, Eliminazione e Aggiornamento

INSERT INTO nome_tabella [ (colonne) ] VALUES (valori);

DELETE FROM nome_tabella [ WHERE condizione ];

UPDATE nome_tabella
SET colonna = { valore | DEFAULT }
WHERE condizione;

Chiavi Esterne (FOREIGN KEY)

REFERENCES tabella_riferimento [ (colonne) ]
[{ON DELETE | ON UPDATE}
{ NO ACTION | CASCADE | SET NULL | SET DEFAULT }]

FOREIGN KEY (colonne)

Imperialism

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of developed countries took control of other regions and lands all over the world. These lands became colonies and formed part of the various colonial empires. The objective of imperialism was political control and economic exploitation of the colonies.

The Causes

Imperial expansion was mainly a result of the rise of finance capitalism. The increase in production forced industrialised countries, such as Germany and Great Britain, to look for new markets outside Europe, where they could find new sources of raw materials and cheap sources of energy, sell manufactured goods, and invest capital.

There were also other reasons for the development of imperialism:

• International Prestige:

The New World: Crevecoeur’s Vision

At the beginning of his essay, Jean de Crevecoeur introduces the new land to Europeans who lack knowledge of it. He details the differences between the new land and Europe, highlighting its abundance, employment opportunities, personal freedom, and the unique relationship between the settlers, nature, and animals.

Comparing Europe and the New Land

After describing the new land in detail, Crevecoeur examines the behaviors, lifestyles, and social rules of Europeans. Through an intense analysis of European regimes and economies, he compares the Old World with the New. He concludes that the new land is significantly more livable for the common person. Furthermore, he notes that because Europeans are conditioned... Continue reading "Jean de Crevecoeur: Defining the American Identity" »

Currency: The Timeliness of the Information

• When was the information published or posted? (Identify the year of publication)
• Has the information been revised or updated? (Check if it has been revised or updated)
• Is the information current or out-of-date for your topic? (Note: Older information may be outdated; however, consider the context)
• Are the links functional? (Check the use of data and resources; normally present in both texts)

Relevance: The Importance of the Information for Your Needs

• Does the information relate to your topic or answer your question? (Determine which topic is most relevant and which text explains it most clearly)
• Who is the intended audience? (Identify if it is aimed at professionals in the field or those with no prior knowledge;

First Languages Fear Second Place

1. Yes, they are worried because English is being used much more than their mother tongues in business and universities.
2. Authorities believe that people must be fluent in English because that is the best way for their country to be internationally competitive.
3. False. (Lines 7-8): "I tried to learn Norwegian when I came here. But when they hear you're a foreigner, Norwegians switch languages."
4. True. (Line 6): Few countries voluntarily adopt a foreign tongue as one of their main languages.
5. False. (Lines 18-20): The educational authorities declare that the protection of their own languages is essential, but at the same time, they admit that Scandinavians have to be strong in English.
6. False. (Lines 15-16): This concern

The Rise of Realism in Spain

The actual stage of Realism began in 1870 with the publication of La Fontana de Oro by Benito Pérez Galdós.

Key Authors of Spanish Realism

• Juan Valera: Published his most important work, Pepita Jiménez, in 1874. This is an epistolary novel in which he recounts the love between a seminarian, Luis de Vargas, and the bride of his father, Pepita Jiménez. The conflict is resolved happily.
• José María de Pereda: Wrote novels set in his native Cantabria, such as Sotileza, praising rural life and criticizing progress.

Naturalism: A Sordid Reality

Naturalism is recreated in the most sordid aspects of reality. The characters are victims of their physical condition, heredity, and the environment in which they live.

Prominent

The Great War: Origins and Key Participants

The primary catalyst for the Great War was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie Chotek.

Allied and Central Powers

The conflict involved two major coalitions:

• Triple Entente: Originally comprised of England, France, and Russia (eventually expanding to include 21 nations).
• Triple Alliance: Comprised of Austria-Hungary, Italy, Germany, Turkey, and Bulgaria.

Stages of the Conflict

The war was primarily fought on European soil, with the Western Front located in northeastern France. It progressed through three distinct stages:

1. War of Movement: Initial maneuvers favored the Central Powers.
2. Trench Warfare (1915–1917): A period of static, grueling attrition where both sides

Lakes of the Iberian Peninsula

In the Iberian Peninsula, there are not many endorheic areas. In the majority of cases (within the catalog of Spanish lakes), the gaps are small with shallow surface depth; such level oscillations mean they often disappear in summer. These are small lakes that human action has dried and turned into agricultural areas. We can distinguish the following types:

1. Endogenous Origin

These are related to tectonic events or volcanoes. The largest lakes on the Earth's surface have this source and can be very deep. In Spain, the best example is La Janda.

2. Exogenous Origin

These lakes have a most varied typology and can be classified according to the generating agent into the following types:

• Glacial: These are produced by

Extemporaneous Statements Without Prior Notification

This section covers the voluntary submission of self-assessments (autoliquidaciones) or statements made after the deadline without a prior request from the Tax Administration, as per Article 27 of the LGT.

Surcharges for Late Filing

• If the submission and payment are made within 3, 6, or 12 months following the closing date: 5%, 10%, or 15% surcharge respectively, without interest or penalties.
• If more than 12 months have passed: 20% surcharge, plus interest from the day following the expiry of the 12-month period, without penalties.

The amount of the above charges will be reduced by 25% if the total payment of that charge is made within the appropriate voluntary payment period (this term depends... Continue reading "Spanish Tax Surcharges and Late Payment Deadlines" »