Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Music

The Evolution of Modern Popular Music

We understand modern popular music as a movement that marks the wide margins of youth's thunderous intervention in various aspects of musical life since the 1950s.

The Birth of a Movement

What caused its birth?

• The revolt of youth who wanted to create their own modes of life, resulting in music derived from their unique personalities.
• An attempt to transmit their ideals to the greatest number of people, as music serves as the most open and efficient form of communication.
• Economic interests of major record companies.

Defining Elements

Several elements explain these phenomena:

• Self-taught musicians: Most artists did not come from a conservatory background.
• Intentionality: There was an explicit desire to ignore traditional

A Toccata of Galuppi's by Robert Browning

"Oh, Galuppi, Baldassare, this is very sad to find!"

1. Analysis

Voice and Mood

Voice: The poem is written in the third voice as a character speaks; it is a dramatic voice with three identities where the poet disappears. In the poem, there are three voices: that of a scientist, a pair of lovers, and Galuppi himself. In turn, they are one, but all are presented scientifically. The scientist is remembering and evoking Galuppi's music, and the music makes him think of Venice.

Mood: The poem has a tone of nostalgia ("this is very sad to find"), then evokes the enthusiasm of parties and dances, and finally, everything dies with death.

2. Summary

Everything dies with death. Is there anything else? There is nothing... Continue reading "Literary Analysis: Browning's Toccata and Keats' To Autumn" »

Historical Context: Ars Nova and Musical Shifts

Philippe de Vitry and Johannes de Muris

Philippe de Vitry and Johannes de Muris, professors of music at the University of Paris, were pivotal figures in the development of music theory. Vitry's students compiled his notes into a treatise called Ars Nova, which explained his perspective on the new music and contrasted it with the older Ars Vetus, detailing the art of early music.

Innovations in Time and Harmony

Vitry considered creating a system to change from the triple time prevalent before, introducing binary time. In France, the melodic line became the basis for harmonization, with voices and instruments supporting it from above and below, leaving the melody in the middle. Until the fifteenth century,... Continue reading "Ars Nova and 15th Century Music: Vitry, Muris, and Ockeghem Innovations" »

The Origins of Troubadour Poetry

Troubadour poetry represents the first literary expression in a Romance language. The role of language is central to prosa catalana. Occitan troubadours wrote and composed the music for their poems. Characteristics include lyric poetry written in the Occitan language. The tradition begins with Guilhem de Poitiers; the 12th and 13th centuries feature figures like Marcabru and the female troubadour, the Countess of Dia.

The Essence of Courtly Love

The basic theme of the troubadours is Courtly Love (fin'amor), defined as a refined feeling appropriate to the courtly environment. Key figures include the fin'amoros (the lover), the noble lady (domna), and her husband (the gilós). This love ennobles the troubadour and... Continue reading "The Evolution of Troubadour Poetry and Catalan Literature" »

Melody: Expressive and Emotional

The melody is the predominant element in Romantic music. Composers explore all expressive possibilities, conveying personal feelings and emotions to the listener.

Rhythm: Tempo Rubato

Tempo rubato consists of momentarily changing the speed of the heartbeat for expressive purposes.

Texture: Melody Accompanied

The most commonly used texture is melody accompanied, which can be more or less complex depending on the instrumentation.

Genres of Romantic Music

Religious Vocal Music

Composers used similar methods as before but with a more operatic approach.

Secular Vocal Music

Triumph and growth in operatic realism. Wagner introduced a new concept of opera, integrating all arts and engaging the spectator. The lied, where music... Continue reading "Romantic Music: Melody, Rhythm, Texture, and Genres" »

The Voice in Musical Text: Lied, Opera, and Zarzuela

The human voice has always been central to musical expression, giving rise to diverse forms that blend poetic text with intricate compositions. This document explores three significant vocal music forms: the Lied, Opera, and Zarzuela, tracing their evolution and impact.

The Lied: Intimate Poetic Song

The Lied is a small, intimate composition based on a poetic text, usually a poem by a writer of the time, such as J.W. Goethe. It features a male or female voice, accompanied by a piano. Composers often grouped their Lieder into collections or cycles. Robert Schumann's Dichterliebe (A Poet's Love) and Frauenliebe und -leben (A Woman's Love and Life) are among the best-known cycles.

The Opera: Grand

Impressionism: Art of the Ephemeral

During the Third Republic, Paris solidified its status as the European capital of culture. Impressionism, primarily a movement in painting, emerged during this period.

The Impressionist artist was fundamentally anti-Romantic, positioning the movement in opposition to realism. The core philosophy suggests that to understand reality, one must break it down. This decomposition manifests in:

• Painting: Decomposition into colors and light.
• Music: Decomposition into whole-tone scales and new timbres.
• Poetry: Seeking the "color" of words (Symbolism).

Impressionism is defined as the art of the ephemeral, based on immediate sensory impressions. The movement gained its name in 1872 when a Claude Monet painting, Impression,

Romantic Music Characteristics

• Asymmetrical phrasing: Musical phrases are no longer strictly articulated in eight-bar segments.
• Melodic complexity: Melodies are rich, intricate, and highly expressive.
• Rhythmic freedom: Complex, free, and polyrhythmic structures are frequently utilized.
• Instrumental dominance: Instrumental music gains prevalence over vocal compositions.
• Preference for minor forms: A shift toward smaller, more intimate musical structures.
• Programmatic music: The emergence of descriptive, narrative-driven instrumental genres.

Program Music

Program music is an instrumental genre where composers draw inspiration from extra-musical sources, specifically literary themes and narratives.

The Symphonic Poem

• Utilizes full orchestral instrumentation.

Modernism is a literary movement of aesthetic renovation that has its origin in Latin America in the 1880s with the publication of the works of Cuban writer José Martí. Modernist writers were inspired by:

1. Some Spanish Romantic writers, primarily in Bécquer.
2. Also remarkable is the influence of French literature of the second half of the nineteenth century, particularly Parnassianism and, above all, the Symbolists.

Parnassianism features:

1. Defends the ideal of "art for art" and that art and beauty are the only comforts in life.
2. Desires perfection in form.
3. Exhibits a taste for topics such as Greek mythology, the exotic East, and ancient civilizations.

Symbolism accused Parnassianism of coldness and scholarship. It is characterized by:

1. Providing poetry

Children's Literature: Definition and Scope

Definition

Children's literature encompasses:

• Texts written, if not exclusively for children, then at least with child readers in mind.
• All language-based artistic manifestations likely to interest children.
• Books suitable for developing readers.

Categories

Children's literature is often categorized into:

1. Works which weren’t originally intended for children.
2. Literature written specifically for children.
3. Instrumental literature.

Traditional Tales

Traditional tales have been handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth. Fairy tales are considered a sub-genre of the folktale, which is itself a sub-genre of folklore.

Legends

Legends are narratives about the achievements of real, half-real, or imaginary... Continue reading "Defining Children's Literature and Traditional Narrative Forms" »