Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Common Medical Abbreviations

• RSI: Repetitive Stress Injury
• SAD: Seasonal Affective Disorder
• SIDS: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• GP: General Practitioner
• HAV: Hepatitis A Virus
• MD: Medical Doctor

Medications and Treatments

• Decongestant: Decreases nasal stuffiness and relieves a runny nose.
• Anticoagulant: Prevents or delays blood clotting.
• Sedative: Relieves symptoms of stress, irritability, or excitement.
• Laxative: Relieves constipation.
• Digitalis: Strengthens the failing heart.
• Diuretic: Removes excess fluid from the body.
• Antibiotic: Treats infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms.
• Insulin: Regulates the level of sugar in the blood, used to treat diabetes.

Common Symptoms and Their Causes

• Fainting, dizziness: Anemia
• Headache: Sinus infection
• Fever:

CNO Principles: Authority, valid order, therapeutic relationship, appropriate scope, Do NOT perform if unclear orders. Competence: Know drug, assess client, educate patient, know limits. Nurse must ensure knowledge, skill, judgement. Safety: Prevent errors, monitor effects, report adverse reactions, ensure storage security. Nurse must act to min harm from errors/reactions. Scope Of Practice: Definition; Nursing=promote health, care, treatment. RPNRN Controlled acts; Injections, INH meds, procedures below dermis, inserting instruments, dispensing drugs. Authorizing mechanisms: Need a order, directive, delegation. Working w/UPC: Teaching, Delegation, Assigning, Supervising. Accountability; Assess client, risk, verify competence, supervise.... Continue reading "Pharm" »

Human Anatomy: English-Spanish Vocabulary

• Mouth / Boca
• Knee / Rodilla
• Ears / Orejas
• Lower Arm / Forearm / Antebrazo
• Breast / Pecho
• Eyes / Ojos
• Ankle / Tobillo
• Elbow / Codo
• Waist / Cintura
• Face / Cara
• Calf / Gemelos
• Fingers / Dedos
• Thorax / Chest / Pecho
• Lips / Labios
• Heel / Talón
• Upper Arm / Arm / Brazo
• Nose / Nariz
• Eyebrows / Cejas
• Navel / Umbilicus / Ombligo
• Eyelids / Párpados
• Abdomen / Abdomen
• Forehead / Frente
• Thigh / Muslo
• Hand / Mano
• Back / Espalda
• Cheek / Mejilla
• Toe / Dedo del pie
• Eyelashes / Pestañas
• Leg / Pierna
• Foot / Pie
• Mandible / Jaw / Mandíbula

Medical Symptoms and Signs: English-Spanish

• Fatigue (Symptom) / Fatiga
• Fever (Sign) / Fiebre
• High Blood Pressure (Sign) / Presión Arterial Alta
• Skin Rash (Sign) / Erupción Cutánea
• Lump (Sign) / Bulto
• Color (Sign) /

Classification of Antifungal Drugs

Dose:

• For adults: 1 to 2 grams given every 8 hours (as directed by the healthcare provider).
• For children: 25 to 50 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, divided into 3 or 4 doses (as directed by the healthcare provider).

Indications:

• Skin and soft tissue infections
• Urinary tract infections
• Respiratory tract infections
• Bone and joint infections
• Endocarditis

Contraindications:

• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Indigestion

Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics derived from Streptomyces bacteria. Amikin (amikacin) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat serious bacterial infections.

Classification of Aminoglycosides

1. Systemic: Streptomycin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Netilmicin, Tobramycin, Sisomicin.
2. Topical:

Introduction to the Respiratory System

The cells of the human body require oxygen to stay alive. The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body's cells while removing carbon dioxide, a waste product that can be lethal if allowed to accumulate.

3 Major Parts of the Respiratory System

• Airway: Nose (nasal cavity), mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
• Lungs: The functional unit of the respiratory system, facilitating the exchange of O2 and CO2 via the alveoli.
• Diaphragm Muscles: Muscles of respiration (including intercostal muscles) that separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Mechanism of Respiration

Respiration involves two main mechanisms:

• Inhalation (Inspiration): Intake of O2.
• Expiration (Exhalation): Exhale

Parkinson's Disease: Pharmacological Treatments

The primary pharmacological treatment for Parkinson's disease focuses on replenishing dopamine, the neurotransmitter deficient in the disease, and managing associated symptoms. Levodopa, often combined with carbidopa, is the cornerstone of treatment, alongside dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, COMT inhibitors, and anticholinergic agents.

Key Medications for Parkinson's Disease

1. Levodopa

   Levodopa is a dopamine precursor that can cross the blood-brain barrier and is converted into dopamine in the brain.

   It is typically combined with carbidopa, which inhibits the breakdown of levodopa before it reaches the brain, reducing side effects and improving efficacy.

   Levodopa is effective in improving motor symptoms

Medicines → Medicaments / First Aid Kit → Farmàcia de primers auxilis / Band Aid → Tirites  / Nasal spray → spray nasal / Eye drops → Gotes per als ulls / Tissues → Teixits / Lip balm / Chapstick → Bàlsam de llavis / Shampoo → xampú / Conditioner → Condicionador  / Dandruff → Caspa /  Body ache → dolor corporal / Cold / Flu → Refredat / grip  / Sublingually →  Sublingualment / Tablets / Pills → Pastilles / píndoles / Syrup → xarop / Cough / drops → gotes per a la tos / Asthma pump → Bomba d’asma  / Weighing scale → Bàscula de pes / Sanitary pads → Coixinets sanitaris / Diapers → Bolquers / Baby wipes → Tovalloletes per a nadons  / Baby milk powder → llet infantil en pols / Lens solution... Continue reading "Essential Health and Personal Care Vocabulary List" »

Vocabulary

• Being admired by the people around you
• Being part of a loving family
• Doing really well in your studies or work
• Having enough money to live well
• Having friends
• Having a lot of time to spend on the things I love doing
• Living in a nice neighborhood

Achieve, Carry Out, and Devote

• Achieve: *conseguir/lograr* (It helped her to achieve her aim of improving her family's happiness)
• Carry out: *llevar a cabo* (Susan's concerns prompted her to carry out her own research)
• Devote: *dedicar* (We know devoting more time...)

Stay, Spend, and Pass

• Stay: *permanecer, estar tiempo* (I stayed 2 hours listening to the radio)
• Spend: *pasar/gastar* (I have spent my life studying)
• Pass: *pasar tiempo*

Make, Cause, and Have

• Make: *hizo que* (The bad sound made the film difficult

English Grammar Essentials

Active and Passive Voice Tenses

Time Clauses and Subordinating Conjunctions

Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia

1. Iron Deficiency Anemia

Causes

• Physiological: Nutritional deficiency, menstrual iron loss, pregnancy, blood donation, gastrointestinal bleeding.
• Pathological: Excessive blood loss (peptic ulcers, carcinoma), excessive uterine bleeding.

Clinical Features

• Fatigue, pale oral mucosa/lips/eyes, koilonychia, sparse hair.

Oral Manifestations

• Glossitis, stomatitis, angular cheilitis, oral candidiasis, aphthous ulcers.
• Treatment: Ferrous sulfate, eliminate underlying cause.

2. Thalassemia

Also known as Cooley's anemia. Features include kyphosis, dark urine, and jaundice.

Oral Manifestations

• Spiky short roots, taurodontism, enlarged bone marrow, parotid gland swelling (iron deposition), caries.
• Treatment: Deferoxamine mesylate, RBC