Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Wave Fundamentals

Wave Definition

A wave is the propagation of a disturbance from point to point, accompanied by the propagation of energy. Its origin is typically the shaking of a body.

Period and Frequency

• Period (T): The time taken for one complete wave cycle, measured in seconds (s).
• Frequency (f): The number of vibrations or cycles per second (f = 1/T), measured in Hertz (Hz).

Wavelength

Wavelength (λ): The distance a wave advances in one period. Different wavelengths correspond to different colors of light and pitches of sound.

Wave Phenomena

Absorption and Attenuation

• Absorption: The process where a medium absorbs wave energy, converting it into other forms of energy (e.g., heat).
• Attenuation: The gradual loss of intensity or amplitude of a wave

Key Epidemiology and Biostatistics Terms

This document defines core epidemiology and biostatistics concepts used in clinical research and public health.

Diagnostic Test Measures

• Sensitivity: The probability that an individual with the disease tests positive. High sensitivity is useful to rule out disease when the test is negative.
• Specificity: The probability that a healthy individual tests negative. High specificity is useful to confirm disease when the test is positive.

Population Prevalence and Incidence

• Prevalence: The total number of existing cases in the population divided by the total population at a given time.
• Incidence: The occurrence of new cases of a disease in a population over a specified period.
• Cumulative incidence (individual risk)

1000 Calorie Diet Plan: Sample Menu

The following 1000 calorie diet includes: 60g protein, 30g fat, and 120g carbohydrates.

Breakfast:

• 200 ml of skimmed milk
• 20g of white or wheat bread

Midmorning:

• Choose one food from the FRUIT group.

Lunch:

• Choose one food from the VEGETABLES group.
• Choose one food from the FARINÁCEOS (starch) group.
• Choose one food from the PROTEIN group.
• Choose one food from the FRUIT group.

Snack:

• Choose one food from the FRUIT group.

Dinner:

• Choose one food from the VEGETABLES group.
• Choose one food from the FARINÁCEOS (starch) group.
• Choose one food from the PROTEIN group.
• Choose one food from the FRUIT group.

Before Bed:

• 200 ml skimmed milk or 2 fat-free plain yogurts.

Oil: 10g = 1 tablespoon for the whole day, which can be olive, soybean,... Continue reading "1000 Calorie Diet Plan: Sample Menu and Food Choices" »

Scientific Hypotheses and the Universe

Understanding Scientific Hypotheses

What are hypotheses? They are assumptions considered correct at the start that could solve the problem posed, even without initial verification.

How can you tell if a hypothesis is true? By using the deductive process and experimental design.

Can they be refuted over time? Yes, because their acceptance depends on whether new experiences appear to contradict them.

The Infinite and Static Universe Model

In this model, the Earth and the planets revolve around the Sun. The universe is made up of an infinite number of stars. The gravitational attraction between these infinite stars is kept in a state of equilibrium of forces.

The Formation and Expansion of the Universe

How was the

Item 2: Essential Elements of a Contract

• Agreement: Between worker and employer.
• Object: Lawful, possible, and determined; consists of work performed and salary.
• Cause: The reason for the contract's existence.

Temporary Contract Conversion to Indefinite

A contract becomes indefinite if:

• Social Security registration is not provided.
• It is not in writing or involves fraud.
• It violates labor laws.
• There is illegal assignment of workers.

Indefinite Contracts

Includes ordinary contracts, building industry agreements, and permanent discontinuous employment programs.

Temporary Contracts

1. Formative Contracts

• Learning: Ages 16 to 21 (max 24). Duration: 6 months to 2 years. No unemployment benefits.
• In Practice: Requires a degree, within 4 years of graduation. In

Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan

The Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan is the essential tool for integrating preventive activities within a company. It typically includes:

• Identification Data
• Organizational Structure
• Production Organization
• Company Organization
• Prevention Policy, Objectives, and Goals
• Human, Technical, Material, and Economic Resources
• Plan Review and Update Procedures
• The company's own periodic risk assessment, including control and risk management
• Details of preventive health surveillance activities
• A Self-Protection Plan

Health Surveillance: Mandatory Medical Examinations

Medical examinations are mandatory when:

• It is essential to assess the effects of working conditions on workers' health.
• Checking the worker'

Antibiotic Discovery

Fleming observed that a bacterial culture he had abandoned had deteriorated because a colony of fungi had grown in the culture. The fungus produced the death of the bacteria it came into contact with. Work continued until Fleming identified and extracted the substance from the fungus that was lethal to bacteria: penicillin.

Tumors

Normal tissue cells divide to produce other cells to replace old and damaged ones. These cells must die to make room for new ones. Sometimes, they produce more cells than necessary, or old cells do not die when they should. In such cases, a tumor forms, which is defined as a disorganized mass of tissue.

• Benign tumors remain in the place where they have been formed because their cells do not move.
• Malignant

Ionizing Radiation Fundamentals

Radiation is defined as a form of energy transmission through space.

Ionizing Radiation Characteristics

Ionizing radiation is capable of producing ions in the atoms of matter with which it comes into contact. Its primary characteristics include:

• Energy: Greater than 1.23 MeV.
• Cumulative Power: It collects dose effects over time.
• Detection: It is not detectable by human senses.
• Nature: It can be corpuscular or consist of electromagnetic (EM) waves.

Types of Ionizing Radiation

• Alpha (α): Stopped by a sheet of paper and travels only a few inches.
• Beta (β): Stopped by aluminum or several meters of air.
• Gamma (γ) and X-rays: Stopped by lead or concrete shielding.
• Neutron: Stopped by hydrogen-rich materials.

Non-Ionizing Radiation

These... Continue reading "Ionizing Radiation Safety and Biological Effects" »

Visible and Invisible Fats in Your Diet

Concept of visible and invisible fat: Milk and dairy products are items where the fat is often not visible. Visible fat is found in butter, margarine, oil, bacon, sausage, and pork. Invisible fat is present in milk, some meats, ready meals, cakes, pastries, and ice cream. This presence of hidden fats often reduces dietary control.

The Dangers of Trans Fatty Acids

In foods, we can find other types of fats that are rich in processed fats. These fatty acids, called trans fatty acids, result from hydrogenation processes where vegetable fats are saturated with hydrogen to solidify them. These modified fats are used in pies, cakes, cookies, pastries, and margarine. They are characterized by a greater resistance... Continue reading "Impact of Visible Fats, Trans Fats, and Cholesterol" »

Language Work: Using Articles

Use "a" or "an" depending on the sound: An hour, an umbrella, a university, a happy man.

The Definite Article: The

Pronunciation: (de) the media / the UN; (di) the editor / the American way.

Use "the" for:

• Unique things: The sun, the Princess of Wales.
• Health: A headache (dolor de cabeza).
• Transport: Catch/take the bus.
• Organizations: The Police, the Army, the UN.
• Public Buildings: The Bank, the Palace of Justice.
• Places: Cardinal points, rivers.
• Time: The 90s, seasons, the morning/afternoon.
• People and Work: The director, the editor, the French.

Zero Article: When Not to Use Articles

• Generics: People, money, newspapers.
• Health: To have diabetes, bad breath.
• Transport: On foot, go home, by bus.
• Organizations: British Airways, NATO.