Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Documentation and Physician Orders

Recall and Documentation: When giving a report, include the patient's condition, changes within the last 24 hours, abnormal laboratory results, recent vital signs, medications, new orders, and tasks for the next shift.

Transcribing Physician Orders: Ensure the inclusion of the date, time, signature, and accuracy. Verbal Orders: These are permitted only in emergencies. You must read back the order to the physician. It must be signed later, typically within 24 hours.

Heparin Administration and Monitoring

Action: Heparin blocks the conversion of fibrins and acts as an anticoagulant to prevent blood clot formation; it prolongs clotting time. It can be administered as a bolus or via IV. The minimum bolus rate is 25... Continue reading "Essential Nursing Procedures and Clinical Documentation" »

Anti-Motility Medications (Pharmacy Only)

These medications work by relaxing the smooth muscles in the intestinal wall, reducing bowel movements.

Loperamide + Co-phenotrope (Dhamotil)

Loperamide

• Indication: Symptomatic relief of acute or chronic diarrhea.
• Dose: Maximum 16mg daily. Limit use to less than 48 hours.
• Side Effects: Constipation, nausea, vomiting, bloating.
• Special Precautions (SPC):
  • Stop taking once diarrhea resolves (constipation may occur).
  • Take with food.

Co-phenotrope

• Indication: Acute diarrhea in adults.
• Dose: Maximum 8 tablets daily.
• Contraindications: Not for children under 12 years old.
• Special Precautions (SPC): May cause dizziness and drowsiness; do not drive or operate machinery.

Adsorbent Medications (General Sales List)

Adsorbents... Continue reading "Effective Diarrhea Relief: Medications and Management" »

Common Medications and Memory Tricks

Common Medical Abbreviations

• RSI: Repetitive Stress Injury
• SAD: Seasonal Affective Disorder
• SIDS: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• GP: General Practitioner
• HAV: Hepatitis A Virus
• MD: Medical Doctor

Medications and Treatments

• Decongestant: Decreases nasal stuffiness and relieves a runny nose.
• Anticoagulant: Prevents or delays blood clotting.
• Sedative: Relieves symptoms of stress, irritability, or excitement.
• Laxative: Relieves constipation.
• Digitalis: Strengthens the failing heart.
• Diuretic: Removes excess fluid from the body.
• Antibiotic: Treats infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms.
• Insulin: Regulates the level of sugar in the blood, used to treat diabetes.

Common Symptoms and Their Causes

• Fainting, dizziness: Anemia
• Headache: Sinus infection
• Fever:

Human Anatomy: English-Spanish Vocabulary

• Mouth / Boca
• Knee / Rodilla
• Ears / Orejas
• Lower Arm / Forearm / Antebrazo
• Breast / Pecho
• Eyes / Ojos
• Ankle / Tobillo
• Elbow / Codo
• Waist / Cintura
• Face / Cara
• Calf / Gemelos
• Fingers / Dedos
• Thorax / Chest / Pecho
• Lips / Labios
• Heel / Talón
• Upper Arm / Arm / Brazo
• Nose / Nariz
• Eyebrows / Cejas
• Navel / Umbilicus / Ombligo
• Eyelids / Párpados
• Abdomen / Abdomen
• Forehead / Frente
• Thigh / Muslo
• Hand / Mano
• Back / Espalda
• Cheek / Mejilla
• Toe / Dedo del pie
• Eyelashes / Pestañas
• Leg / Pierna
• Foot / Pie
• Mandible / Jaw / Mandíbula

Medical Symptoms and Signs: English-Spanish

• Fatigue (Symptom) / Fatiga
• Fever (Sign) / Fiebre
• High Blood Pressure (Sign) / Presión Arterial Alta
• Skin Rash (Sign) / Erupción Cutánea
• Lump (Sign) / Bulto
• Color (Sign) /

Classification of Antifungal Drugs

Dose:

• For adults: 1 to 2 grams given every 8 hours (as directed by the healthcare provider).
• For children: 25 to 50 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, divided into 3 or 4 doses (as directed by the healthcare provider).

Indications:

• Skin and soft tissue infections
• Urinary tract infections
• Respiratory tract infections
• Bone and joint infections
• Endocarditis

Contraindications:

• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Indigestion

Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics derived from Streptomyces bacteria. Amikin (amikacin) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat serious bacterial infections.

Classification of Aminoglycosides

1. Systemic: Streptomycin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Netilmicin, Tobramycin, Sisomicin.
2. Topical:

Parkinson's Disease: Pharmacological Treatments

The primary pharmacological treatment for Parkinson's disease focuses on replenishing dopamine, the neurotransmitter deficient in the disease, and managing associated symptoms. Levodopa, often combined with carbidopa, is the cornerstone of treatment, alongside dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, COMT inhibitors, and anticholinergic agents.

Key Medications for Parkinson's Disease

1. Levodopa

   Levodopa is a dopamine precursor that can cross the blood-brain barrier and is converted into dopamine in the brain.

   It is typically combined with carbidopa, which inhibits the breakdown of levodopa before it reaches the brain, reducing side effects and improving efficacy.

   Levodopa is effective in improving motor symptoms

Medicines → Medicaments / First Aid Kit → Farmàcia de primers auxilis / Band Aid → Tirites  / Nasal spray → spray nasal / Eye drops → Gotes per als ulls / Tissues → Teixits / Lip balm / Chapstick → Bàlsam de llavis / Shampoo → xampú / Conditioner → Condicionador  / Dandruff → Caspa /  Body ache → dolor corporal / Cold / Flu → Refredat / grip  / Sublingually →  Sublingualment / Tablets / Pills → Pastilles / píndoles / Syrup → xarop / Cough / drops → gotes per a la tos / Asthma pump → Bomba d’asma  / Weighing scale → Bàscula de pes / Sanitary pads → Coixinets sanitaris / Diapers → Bolquers / Baby wipes → Tovalloletes per a nadons  / Baby milk powder → llet infantil en pols / Lens solution... Continue reading "Essential Health and Personal Care Vocabulary List" »

Vocabulary

• Being admired by the people around you
• Being part of a loving family
• Doing really well in your studies or work
• Having enough money to live well
• Having friends
• Having a lot of time to spend on the things I love doing
• Living in a nice neighborhood

Achieve, Carry Out, and Devote

• Achieve: *conseguir/lograr* (It helped her to achieve her aim of improving her family's happiness)
• Carry out: *llevar a cabo* (Susan's concerns prompted her to carry out her own research)
• Devote: *dedicar* (We know devoting more time...)

Stay, Spend, and Pass

• Stay: *permanecer, estar tiempo* (I stayed 2 hours listening to the radio)
• Spend: *pasar/gastar* (I have spent my life studying)
• Pass: *pasar tiempo*

Make, Cause, and Have

• Make: *hizo que* (The bad sound made the film difficult

English Grammar Essentials

Active and Passive Voice Tenses

Time Clauses and Subordinating Conjunctions