Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Understanding Surgical Procedures

Surgical treatment, or surgery, can be classified into major surgery and minor surgery. Major surgery involves complex interventions, such as cardiac procedures, while minor surgery typically involves interventions on the surface of the skin.

Types of Surgical Procedures

• Major Surgical Operations

  When we refer to a surgical intervention, we are often talking about a major surgical operation. Due to their importance and complexity, these procedures could lead to serious complications after surgery. Therefore, the patient should remain in the hospital for some time to be controlled and treated by medical personnel. An example is the removal of the appendix.

• Minor Surgical Interventions

  In contrast, minor surgical interventions

T3. A) Odontology and Concept of Health-Disease

1-Enter The health diagnosis of the population x is complex and multifactorial, even if we fully embrace or collectivize x to a given community.

Components of the health of the population are:

• Population
• Fertility
• Mortality
• Morbidity
• Disability
• Growth and development

The determinants of health and disease in individuals and families depend on the integration of:

• Human biology
• Environment
• Lifestyle
• The health care system

Oral health results from responses to exposure to certain bacteria, diet lacking in carbohydrates, oral hygiene habits, etc. The odontologist (dentist) should be aware of the areas that allow them to deeply understand the human being in all their dimensions. The odontologist should act as a... Continue reading "Population Oral Health Diagnosis and Determinants" »

Defining Health and Well-being

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Factors Influencing Health

Health depends on several factors:

• Physical and psychological characteristics of a person
• Lifestyle choices
• The healthcare system
• The social environment

Understanding Diseases

A disease is a serious or minor alteration of the body's normal functioning.

Infectious Diseases

These are health changes caused by transmissible agents, such as viruses.

Key Concepts in Infectious Disease

• Virus: Biological structures that require a host (like humans) to replicate and often cause disease.
• Microorganisms: Microscopic creatures capable of causing disease. Classes include:
  • Bacteria: Examples

English Vocabulary and Word Formation

1. Suffixes and Word Endings

• Approval
• Owner
• Careful
• Buyer
• Removal
• Motherhood
• Neighbourhood
• Dreadful
• Pusher

2. Compound Adjectives and Descriptions

• De ojos azules: blue-eyed
• Tuerto: one-eyed man
• De mediana edad: middle-aged
• De mente abierta: open-minded
• Descalzo: barefooted
• De pelo largo: long-haired
• De buen corazón: good-hearted
• Tacaño: tight-fisted
• De buenos modales: well-mannered
• De piernas largas: long-legged
• Apasionado: hot-blooded
• De pelo rizado: curly-haired

3. Preposition Usage

1. on
2. at
3. at
4. in
5. in
6. in
7. in

Advanced English Grammar Practice

Passive Voice with Modals (Exercise 2)

1. Shopping has to be done the weekend before.
2. The snacks ought to be made in the morning.
3. The refreshments have to be put in the fridge.
4. Napkins and toothpicks may be

Understanding How Work Affects Health

Work can impact health in several ways:

• Exposure to hazardous or toxic agents can lead to health issues in the short, medium, or long term.
• The physical and psychological demands of work, such as workload and stress, can increase the risk of developing diseases or illnesses.

Occupational Risk Factors

Occupational risk factors refer to the possibility of a worker suffering harm as a result of their work.

Sources and Types of Risks

• Security Risks: Arising from the workplace structure, production processes, machinery, and equipment.
• Physical Agent Risks:
  • Mechanical hazards.
  • Heat or cold-related risks.
  • Risks from different types of energy.
• Chemical Agent Risks
• Biological Agent Risks
• Organizational and Workplace Adaptation

Acute Hepatitis: An Overview

Acute hepatitis is a necroinflammatory liver disease caused by infection from hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E. The key difference between acute and chronic hepatitis is the duration, with the distinction typically made at 6 months.

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is caused by an RNA virus. Transmission is typically fecal-oral and can, in rare cases, be fatal, leading to fulminant hepatitis.

Epidemiology

Hepatitis A often occurs in cycles every 5 to 10 years, with seasonal predominance in childhood. The infection spreads through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food and water. Parenteral transmission is rare.

Symptoms

Symptoms include coluria (dark urine) followed by scleral icterus (jaundice) and hypocholia (pale... Continue reading "Understanding Acute Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, and Cholecystitis" »

Drug Administration Pathways

Enteral Routes (Oral Administration)

These routes involve administration through the gastrointestinal tract:

• Oral Mucosa: Primarily a passage for drugs during swallowing, not a significant absorption site.
• Esophageal Mucosa: Minimal absorption occurs during transit.
• Stomach Mucosa: Limited absorption. The acidic pH (2.5-3.5) favors the absorption of weak acids (pKa > 2). Absorption depends on the drug's pKa.
• Intestinal Mucosa (Small Intestine): Major site of absorption due to its very large surface area (villi) and high vascularization. The basic pH (5-8) favors the absorption of weak bases (pKa < 9).
• Large Intestine Mucosa: Less absorption compared to the small intestine and stomach. Alkaline pH. Primarily absorbs

Inhaled Corticosteroids and Bronchodilators: Administration

In a regimen of inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators, bronchodilators should be administered first. Steroids relieve symptoms but do not treat the inflammation.

Difference Between Bronchodilators and Steroidal Anti-Inflammatories

Bronchodilators act by dilating and opening the bronchus. Short-acting medications are used for immediate relief, while long-acting forms are used with scheduled corticosteroids.

Anti-inflammatories eliminate or alleviate inflammation of the bronchi. Steroids are the most widely used anti-inflammatories.

Health Education for Patients on Inhaled Glucocorticoids

• If using a combined regimen of bronchodilators and corticosteroids, inhale the bronchodilator first.

Pancreatitis: Inflammation, Causes, and Care

Acute Pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas that can range from mild to life-threatening, though it usually subsides. Gallstones and alcohol abuse are responsible for approximately 80% of cases. It is more frequently caused by gallstones or obstruction of the pancreatic duct by a gallstone lodged in the sphincter of Oddi, interrupting the flow of pancreatic juice. However, if the obstruction persists, activated enzymes accumulate in the pancreas and begin to digest its cells, causing severe inflammation.

Symptoms of Acute Pancreatitis

• A belt-like, intense abdominal pain in the upper abdomen, typically below the sternum. When pancreatitis is caused by gallstones, the

Understanding Health

Health is defined not merely as the absence of disease, but as a state of complete physical, mental, emotional, social, spiritual, sexual, and environmental well-being.

Diseases and Medical Specialties

Parasitology

• Cholera
• Influenza
• AIDS
• Poisoning
• Tuberculosis

Focus: Infectious and parasitic diseases.

Oncology

• Cancers
• Emphysema
• Benign and Malignant Tumors

Focus: Cancers and tumors.

Hematology

• Anemia
• Autoimmune Coagulopathies

Focus: Blood and immunological disorders.

Endocrinology

• Diabetes
• Thyroid Disorders
• Kidney Diseases
• Obesity

Focus: Nutritional and metabolic diseases.

Psychology

• Schizophrenia
• Depression
• Down Syndrome
• Trauma

Focus: Mental health disorders.

Neurology

• Alzheimer's Disease
• Meningitis
• Neuropathy

Focus: Nervous system disorders.

Otorhinolaryngology

• Retinopathy
• Otitis
• Conjunctivitis
• Blindness

Focus: