Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

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Alcohol and Tobacco: Health Effects and Management Strategies

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Understanding Alcohol and Tobacco Health Impacts

Hangover Treatment

The excitement stage of a hangover usually does not require specific treatment, only observation until the clinical picture disappears. In the comatose stage, urgent intervention is required, ensuring intravenous fluids and electrolyte balance.

Chronic Alcohol Intoxication

This condition results from regular, excessive alcohol consumption over an extended period. The consequences stem from the affectation of various systems and organs involved in the biotransformation, distribution, and elimination of ethanol at a physiological level:

  • Digestive Tract

    • Chronic gastritis
    • Changes in intestinal absorption, villous atrophy
    • Altered gastrointestinal contractions in the middle third of the
... Continue reading "Alcohol and Tobacco: Health Effects and Management Strategies" »

Exam Cheating: Strategies, Techniques, and Realities

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Abbreviations should be obvious or well-known. Avoid using ambiguous abbreviations that could be misinterpreted. For example, don't use "the study com..." where "com" could mean communication, computation, or combination.

Ensure your notes are legible. If you have to bring your notes very close to your face to read them, the teacher could notice. Write small, but readable.

Write on both sides of the paper to conserve resources.

Hiding Places

Sweatshirts with pockets are a good place to hide notes. Calculators can also be used to cover notes (though some teachers check calculators). Notes can also be taped under the table or gum, or under your seat (the latter requires practice to avoid being caught). The goal is to have easy access to the notes... Continue reading "Exam Cheating: Strategies, Techniques, and Realities" »

Workplace Safety: Employer and Employee Responsibilities

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Work provides financial resources, fosters social connections, contributes to satisfaction, and allows for skill development.

Health, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.

A working condition is any job characteristic that may significantly influence safety hazards and worker health.

Employer's Duties

General Duties:

  • Ensuring worker safety and health
  • Integrating preventive measures
  • Complying with occupational hazard prevention regulations
  • Assuming the cost of health and safety measures

Duties Regarding Workers:

  • Informing and training workers
  • Addressing serious and imminent risks
  • Regularly monitoring worker health
  • Consulting workers and allowing
... Continue reading "Workplace Safety: Employer and Employee Responsibilities" »

Understanding Cancer: Causes, Treatments, and Prevention

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Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Growth and Modern Approaches

Understanding Cancer Development

Under normal conditions, our body's cells are replaced at a proper rate. Sometimes, however, cells grow out of control and are unable to specialize and perform their corresponding functions. This uncontrolled growth causes a tumor. Some tumors are small and do not cause problems, but others grow quickly and destroy surrounding healthy cells; these are malignant. When malignancy progresses, the cells can spread throughout the body, i.e., metastasize, via blood vessels and the lymphatic system. Uncontrolled cell division can lead to malignant tumors, causing the disease known as cancer.

Preventing Cervical Cancer with HPV Vaccination

A new vaccine can prevent... Continue reading "Understanding Cancer: Causes, Treatments, and Prevention" »

Pronoun Functions: Reflexive, Reciprocal, and Subordinate Clauses

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Pronoun Functions

  • Personal Pronoun: 3rd person, substitute for him/them. In this case, the pronoun is an indirect object. Example: Sent a gift to their grandparents / He sent it.
  • Reflexive Pronoun: Used in reflexive structures (3rd person) where the subject performs the verb action on themselves. Example: They wore makeup.
  • Pseudoreflexive Pronoun: Syntactically similar to reflexive, but semantically the subject does not perform the action. Example: John built a house.
  • Reciprocal Pronoun: Used when the action is done mutually between the components of the subject. Example: Angela and Ines gave their gifts.
  • Passive Reflexive: A mix of active and passive sentences. Example: They sell melons.
  • Impersonal Pronoun: Appears in sentences without a grammatical
... Continue reading "Pronoun Functions: Reflexive, Reciprocal, and Subordinate Clauses" »

Primary Care for Seniors in Mallorca: Health & Wellness

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Primary Care Program for Seniors in Mallorca

Since 2000, primary care has been developing the Care Program for Seniors. Here is a quick review of the main points covered.

General Objective

To improve the health and quality of life of people 75 or older who live in Mallorca.

Specific Objectives

  • Increase uptake of risk assessment in homes.
  • Increase the proportion of older people with healthy lifestyles.
  • Reduce the situations that increase the risk of illness, complications, and sequelae.
  • Reduce the incidence of accidents and falls.
  • Reduce the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases (tetanus, flu).
  • Reduce the number of elderly with mental or social functional disability secondary to chronic conditions.
  • Reduce unnecessary hospitalizations and readmissions.
... Continue reading "Primary Care for Seniors in Mallorca: Health & Wellness" »

Vocabulary and Definitions List

Classified in Medicine & Health

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Crouching
bending
Grievance
offend
Aquamarine
pale-blue semiprecious stone
Seizure
grab
Daunt
scare
Besieged
surrounded
Affordable
Accessible
Astrakhan
sheepskin newborn
Dumbfounded
surprised
Subjugate
to humiliate
Banal
not important
Bizarro
Valiente - rare
Gap
opening
Brio
value
Blade
thin grass
Honing
polish
Hot
very hot
Candidly
simplicity
Refrain
annoying repetition
Capital
top of a column
Carrara
loading a truck
Cerulean
blue
Sizzle
make sharp noises
Cover
quilt
Concise
compact
Conviction
security
Zip
close
Curare
Poison
Gift
charity
Swallowing
swallow
Left
traces of a feeling
Deplore
regret
Slip
slight error
Skinning
remove
Teaching
on education
Squander
to waste
Dissent
disagreement
Elegy
a poem sad uy
Empirical
Based on experience
Skirmish
fight small
Scrutinize
review
Stampede
escape violent
Status
regulation
Etymology
origin
... Continue reading "Vocabulary and Definitions List" »

Family Illness: Attitudes, Stress, and Caregiver Burnout

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Continuation of Item 4:

Incorrect Attitudes Towards Family Illness

The following are incorrect attitudes when dealing with the illness of a family member:

  1. Permanently refusing to face reality, which negatively affects the patient's psychological development.
  2. Overprotecting the patient.
  3. Interrupting all recreational activities, i.e., not allowing distractions.
  4. Falling into servitude, that is, doing everything the patient says. This can lead to the patient and family resenting this behavior and engaging in recriminations.
  5. Having a passive and inept attitude, that is, not wanting to learn how to care for the sick person.
  6. Maintaining feelings of rage and anger for an extended period, which often accompanies the illness.
  7. Anticipating the mourning stage,
... Continue reading "Family Illness: Attitudes, Stress, and Caregiver Burnout" »

Bowel Elimination, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Physiology in the Elderly

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Bowel Elimination Physiology in the Elderly

In the elderly, stools are less frequent and may be harder. Constipation is a common complaint among healthy elderly patients, often without a clear single etiology. Aging produces:

  • Slowing of gastrointestinal motility.
  • Mucosal and intestinal muscle atrophy.
  • Reduced nerve function in the intestine, rectum, and anus.

Subjective Constipation

In the elderly, this is usually related to incorrect assessments or ideas acquired due to cognitive decline.

Manifestations

Unrealistic expectations regarding the quantity and timing of bowel movements, leading to the abuse of laxatives.

Criteria Scores

The elderly person must:

  • Recognize their bowel pattern as normal.
  • Recognize the negative effects of laxatives.
  • Specify activities
... Continue reading "Bowel Elimination, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Physiology in the Elderly" »

Lung Cancer: Classification, Staging, and Treatment Modalities

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Lung Cancer Classification and Characteristics

Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)

  • Usually originates in a central location.
  • High risk of lymph node metastases.
  • Most patients present with metastases at diagnosis.

Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC)

  • Adenocarcinoma

    • Usually peripheral.
    • More frequent in nonsmokers and women.
    • High risk of lymph node invasion and distant metastases.
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma

    • The most common of all lung cancers.
    • Normally affects the bronchi.
    • High risk of nodal involvement.
  • Large Cell Carcinoma

Other Lung Tumors

  • Carcinoid Tumors

Oncological Treatment for Lung Cancer

Treatment for Stages I and II Lung Cancer

Surgical Treatment (Surgery)

  • Lobectomy: Excision of the lobe containing the tumor.
  • Pneumonectomy: Full excision of the lung. Performed if
... Continue reading "Lung Cancer: Classification, Staging, and Treatment Modalities" »