Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

The Renal System

The renal system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Its primary functions are to filter the blood, regulate body fluids, and eliminate metabolic waste from the blood. The kidneys specifically remove waste products and excess water from the blood and regulate electrolyte levels.

Renal and Urogenital Signs and Symptoms

Common signs and symptoms related to the renal and urogenital systems include:

• Hematuria (blood in urine)
• Changes in urinary habits (frequency, urgency, volume)
• Hypertension
• Anemia (decrease in red blood cells)
• Discharges
• Sexual dysfunction
• Menstrual irregularities

Pain Patterns

Pain patterns can help indicate the affected area within the renal system:

• Kidneys: Pain is typically ipsilateral (on the same side)

English Sentence Transformation Exercises

Introductory Verbs in Reported Speech

1. ... forbade Paul to go out/from going out that day.
2. ... begged Mona to help him clean up the mess.
3. ... invited the lady to join the group.
4. ... agreed that recycling was a good thing.
5. ... promised to help the boy learn how to read.
6. ... apologised for not helping him earlier.
7. ... suggested using public transport more often.
8. ... encouraged Alan to create an environmental group.

Unit 4: Modal Verbs and Verb Patterns

1. Can’t be Michael Jackson
2. Might be able to buy
3. Can’t be very ill
4. Could be from
5. He must always be
6. Must have seen a
7. Might have worked
8. Must have lived in
9. Can’t have been
10. Must have been bitten by
11. Can’t have been
12. She must have had
13. Could be tired
14. Might have been why
15. Remember to

Kidney Function and Failure

Functions:

• Clean the blood and remove extra fluid
• Keep your body chemicals in balance
• Filter out waste products
• Control blood pressure and red blood cell production

Kidney Failure:

Occurs when kidneys stop working or when their function is less than 15%. This results in a build-up of fluid and chemical wastes, which is life-threatening unless treated by dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Uremia

Uremia occurs when waste products build up in the blood. Symptoms include:

• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Headache
• Itching

Treatment Options for Kidney Failure

Patients with kidney failure have several treatment options:

• Diet and fluid management
• Kidney transplantation
• Medications
• Kidney dialysis
• Non-treatment (palliative care)

Hemodialysis

In... Continue reading "Kidney Failure and Treatment Options" »

Social Activism Vocabulary

Campaigns

• For: Better education, disabled people’s rights, the environment, freedom of speech, healthcare, human rights, peace, public transport, wildlife conservation, and women’s rights.
• Against: Animal testing, bullying, child poverty, corruption, cruelty to animals, drugs, global warming, homelessness, nuclear power/weapons, pollution, public spending cuts, racism, street crime, vandalism, and whale hunting.

Activities

• Attended meetings
• Participated in a demonstration or protest march
• Donated money
• Signed a petition
• Took part in fundraising activities
• Worked as a volunteer

English Past Tenses

Past Simple

• Usage: Finished actions in the past (specific time).
• Time markers: Yesterday, last year, in 2004.
• Example: "I found a

Dictionary and Language Basics

• Important Idiomatic Expressions: Used for pronunciation and identifying parts of speech.
• Phrasal Verbs: Some verbs change meaning when they are combined with specific particles.
• What is a Synonym? A word that has the same meaning as the entry.
• What is Phonemic Script? Used to pronounce a word, written between two diagonal lines.
• Where are Abbreviations? Found at the beginning of the dictionary.
• How to Find a Word? Use alphabetical order; words usually appear in bold.

American vs. British English

• Apartment / Flat
• Subway / Underground
• Pants / Trousers
• Sidewalk / Pavement
• Diaper / Nappy
• First floor / Ground floor (1st floor)
• Elevator / Lift
• Mail / Post
• Cookies / Biscuits (galletas)
• Fries / Chips (papas)
• Parking lot / Car park
• Trunk

Lickwood Means Rewind, a Gunshot Means Forward

You Requested It So We Rewind

Yeah
Way, way, way up
Turn it all up
Yeah
Look

I got enemies, got a lot of enemies
Got a lot of people tryin' to drain me of my energy
They tryin' to take the wave from a nigga
Fuckin' with the kid and pray for your nigga

I got girls in real life tryin' to mess up my day
Fuck goin' online that ain't part of my day
I got real shit poppin' with my family too
I got niggas that can never leave Canada too
I got 2 mortgages, thirty million in total
I got niggas that'll still try fuckin' me over
I got rap niggas that I gotta act like I like
But my actin' days are over, fuck them niggas for life, yeah

I got enemies, got a lot of enemies
Got a lot of people tryin' to drain me of... Continue reading "Drake Enemies Lyrics: Decoding the Meaning" »

Ergogenics

Pharmaceuticals (AAS, hgh, stimulants, betablockers) nutritionals (amino acids, creatine, vitamins) methods (hyperbaric or hypobaric chambers, blood doping, supplemental O2)

WADA

Primary governing body for international sport banned substances enhance performance, endanger health, contrary to sport if u have two of these its banned)

Substance S1

Most common drug test

Anabolic Steroid

Associated with protein building in skeletal muscle or bone

Androgenic

Associated with masculinization

Steroid

Hormonal substance with basic chemical structure

Testosterone

C-19 steroid hormone derivative of cholesterol. Key endogenous (body makes) androgen. Levels vary: males 2.5-11mg, females 0.25mg

AAS Legally

Schedule III category prohibited until 1974

AAS Chemically

Synthetic... Continue reading "Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods in Sports" »

To Have: Verb Conjugation

• Present: I have, you have, he/she/it has, we have, you have, they have
• Preterite: I had, you had, he/she/it had, we had, you had, they had
• Present Continuous: I am having, you are having, he/she/it is having, we are having, you are having, they are having
• Present Perfect: I have had, you have had, he/she/it has had, we have had, you have had, they have had
• Future: I will have, you will have, he/she/it will have, we will have, you will have, they will have
• Future Perfect: I will have had, you will have had, he/she/it will have had, we will have had, you will have had, they will have had
• Past Continuous: I was having, you were having, he/she/it was having, we were having, you were having, they were having
• Past Perfect: I had

Examine=monitor, verify, control

Overall=total

Controversial=polemical, contradictory

Unclear=confusing

Assessment=evaluation

Crucial=important, main, essential, vital

Management=administration

Older=senior Ageing=elder

Daily=habitual, everyday

Expenditure=consumption, intake

Actual=real

Actually=really, indeed

At present=currently, today

Provide=supply, give

Whether=if

Encourage=stimulate, incentivize

Portion=serving, piece of...

Develop=grow

Development=growth

Prohibit=ban, forbid

Research=investigation

Researcher=investigator

Thus=in this way

Focus=center

Increasing=rising

In the week=following days

Prohibited=banned

Encouraged=incentivized

Diary=routine

Rise=increase

Result=consequence

Burden=weight

Present=current

Unclear=confusing

Frequency=... Continue reading "Improve Your Vocabulary with Synonyms and Definitions" »

Business English Exercises and Answer Key

Customer Loyalty and Satisfaction

From satisfaction to loyalty:

1. The relationship with the supplier.
2. Good-quality staff.
3. It increases profits.
4. Your customer's own business becomes…
5. Their competitors can quickly…
6. They take responsibility for their actions.

Relative Clauses Exercises

Relative clauses exercise:

1. Dr. Jodi Simco and Dr. Mark… which.
2. …but they maybe start using… which.
3. which.
4. who/that.
5. which/that.
6. which/that.
7. where.
8. which/that and who/that.

Relative clauses memo (customer loyalty):

1. out.
2. the.
3. which.
4. which.
5. where.
6. who/that.

Text starting with: "As every manager knows…":

1. first.
2. neglect.
3. approaching.
4. signs.
5. impression.
6. expect.
7. result.
8. handle.
9. everyone.
10. account.
11. skills.
12. post.
13. get.
14. practical.
15. number.

Text starting with: "Hello,