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Disease Screening: Understanding Tests and Validity

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Disease Screening: Understanding Tests and Validity

What is Screening?

Screening is a method of secondary prevention that uses simple tests (physical, laboratory, etc.) to detect diseases before they manifest symptoms or signs. The goal of screening is to reduce morbidity and mortality through early detection and intervention.

Types of Screening Programs:

  • Mass Screening: Targets the entire population (e.g., mammograms for women aged 45-70).
  • Multiple/Multiphasic Screening: Uses a variety of tests at the same time (e.g., during hospital admission).
  • Targeted Screening: Focuses on groups with specific risk factors (e.g., occupational exposure).
  • Case-Finding/Opportunistic Screening: Occurs when a patient consults a doctor for another reason (e.g., blood
... Continue reading "Disease Screening: Understanding Tests and Validity" »

October Celebrations, Historical Events, and Movie Delights

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October Highlights

Celebrations and Events

Columbus Day Parade

The world's largest celebration of Italian-American culture, honoring the significant contributions of Italians to the USA.

World Animal Day

Organize an event or sign an online petition to support animal rights.

International Day of Non-Violence

Inspired by Gandhi, this day promotes non-violent resistance and has influenced civil rights movements worldwide.

Halloween

This Celtic tradition originated in the 16th century.

Mad Hatter Day

Inspired by Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, people celebrate by wearing hats like the Hatter.

Historical Events

Norman Conquest

On October 15, 1066, the Normans defeated the English, marking the beginning of the Norman Conquest.

Entertainment

Asa Butterfield

At 19... Continue reading "October Celebrations, Historical Events, and Movie Delights" »

Common Medical Terms, Hospital Items, and Phrases

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Common Medical Terms and Hospital Essentials

1. Low Oxygen Level: Hypoxemia

2. High Pulse: Tachycardia

3. High Temperature: Fever

4. Low Blood Pressure: Hypotension

Hospital Item Disposal

1. Razors: Sharps box

2. Towels: Linen bag

3. Plasters: Disposable bag

4. Hospital Gown: Linen bag

Describing Pain Levels

No Pain: Slight, painless

Mild Pain: Dull, throbbing, aching, painful

Severe Pain: Excruciating, acute, sharp

El ejercicio es de redondear y empieza con de dirty room… (Exercise is about rounding and starts with the dirty room...)

1d/2a/3b/4a/5c/6d

GIS: Gastrointestinal System

Vital Signs Example

BP 89/128 mmHg, P=92 bpm, R=18 breaths per minute, Oxygen Saturation= 96%

Patient Scenarios and Restrictions

He is watching TV and has the volume quite high.

You... Continue reading "Common Medical Terms, Hospital Items, and Phrases" »

Common English Idioms and Expressions for Health, Education, and Everyday Life

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(excruciating/Nagging pain)-(full/miraculous recovery)

(internal/massive bleeding)-(contagious/mysterious disease)
(on-the-spot/outpatient treatment)-(lighting/automatic reflexes)
(rigorous/annual test)-(sport/nasty injury)
(be over the hill)-(be given a clean bill of health)
(be black and blue)-(be fit as a fiddle)-(have butterflies in one´s stomach)
(kick up one´s heels)-(scare the life out of someone)
(be of sound mind and body)-(have nerves of steel)-(keep a stiff upper lip)
(hold= up, on, out, off, back)-(clear= up, out, away)
(under=age, pressure, suspicion, circumstances, normal conditions)


(be the teacher´s pet)-(mind one´s ps and qs)-(learn s/thing by heart)
(be as easy as 1,2,3)-(be of the old school)-(make the grade)
(know s/thing like the
... Continue reading "Common English Idioms and Expressions for Health, Education, and Everyday Life" »

The Impact of Human Activities on Water Pollution and Endangered Species

Posted by vetrox and classified in Medicine & Health

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Water Pollution

Water pollution is a modification of water, usually caused by human beings, which makes it improper or dangerous for human consumption, industry, agriculture, fishing, and recreational activities, as well as for animals. Although water pollution can come from natural sources, such as the ash from a volcano, most of today's pollution comes from human activities.

Endangered Species

Unfortunately, there are many species that today are at risk of extinction. Many of them, due to the action of man and global climate change, which is also an indirect effect of the activities of the human being. Some of them are already condemned to disappear a few years from now, and although there are many organizations that work to preserve them, they... Continue reading "The Impact of Human Activities on Water Pollution and Endangered Species" »

Final Test 1 and 2 Vocabulary, Grammar, and Reading

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FINAL TEST 1

Vocabulary(page 1)

1   1.  assignment, look up to

     2.  make up, in no time at all

     3.  atmosphere, intruders

     4.  on my way, pick up

     5.  came across, looking for

     6.  decline, increased

2   Possible answers

     1.  You’ll spoil that child if you give him everything 
he wants.

     2.  The guided tour lasts for three hours.

     3.  I can’t afford the tuition fees at university.

     4.  I felt embarrassed when he criticised my project in front of the entire class.

     5.  They made good time, so they arrived early.

     6.  I’m not going to replace this phone until it breaks.

     7.  I’m pleased for John because he finally was able to buy a car.

    ... Continue reading "Final Test 1 and 2 Vocabulary, Grammar, and Reading" »

Essential English Vocabulary: Business Terms, Phrasal Verbs, and Regional Differences

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Essential English Vocabulary for Professionals

Workplace Nouns (English to Spanish)

  • Chatterbox: parlanchín
  • Deadline: fecha límite
  • Knowledge: conocimiento
  • Overtime: horas extras
  • Privilege: privilegio
  • Rise: aumento
  • Shift: turno
  • Staff: plantilla
  • Stuff: cosas
  • Team player: jugador de equipo

Key Verbs for Career Development

  • Challenge: desafiar
  • Commute: viajar diariamente
  • Fire: despedir
  • Flourish: florecer
  • Freelance: autónomo
  • Presume: suponer
  • Promote: promocionar
  • Propose: proponer
  • Raise: obtener
  • Resign: rendirse (or dimitir/renunciar)
  • Switch: cambiar

Professional Adjectives

  • Accomplished: realizado
  • Assertive: firme
  • Conscientious: concienciado
  • Devoted: dedicado
  • Experienced: experimentado
  • Pushy: avasallador
  • Reliable: fiable
  • Rewarding: reconfortable
  • Self-employed: autónomo
  • Skilled:
... Continue reading "Essential English Vocabulary: Business Terms, Phrasal Verbs, and Regional Differences" »

Bella Salon: New Employee Training & Client Interaction

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Welcome to Bella Salon!

Hi Jen, welcome to the Bella Salon family! We are happy to have you as part of our team. On your first day, you will learn how to schedule appointments. Please follow these steps every time you confirm an appointment.

Scheduling Appointments: Step-by-Step

  1. First, when you take a call: Ask the client in a friendly voice what day and time they want to book an appointment for. Remember, most of our openings are during the workweek; weekend spaces are very limited.
  2. Next, ask the client: Which stylist they would like to see. Always consult the appointment book to see which stylists are available.
  3. What if a stylist is completely booked? Ask the client if it would be possible to make the appointment for another date or time. Tell
... Continue reading "Bella Salon: New Employee Training & Client Interaction" »

Essential English Vocabulary: Food, Idioms & More

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  • Dairy

    Relating to milk or to foods made using milk.

  • Deep-fried

    (Of food) fried in oil that covers it.

  • Garlic

    A vegetable like a small onion with a very strong taste and smell.

  • Gaze

    To look at something or someone for a long time, especially in surprise or admiration, or because you are thinking about something else. (Synonym: stare)

  • Grow Out Of

    To stop doing something as you get older.

  • Linger

    To continue for longer than expected.

  • Moose

    A large North American deer. (Spanish: alce)

  • Maggots

    A creature like a very small worm that is found in decaying meat and other foods and later develops into a fly. (Synonym: larva)

  • Mixed Up

    Confused; to think one thing is another thing.

  • Missing Out

    Not getting a benefit that someone else gets.

  • Mash Up

    (Talking about music) a mixture

... Continue reading "Essential English Vocabulary: Food, Idioms & More" »

Understanding Common Skin Conditions: Pityriasis Versicolor, Lichen Planus, and More

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Pityriasis Versicolor

Pathogen: Malassezia furfur
Clinical Features:
  • Asymptomatic or pink scaly patches on the trunk
Lab Findings:
  • KOH preparation or black ink/stained dry smear/histopathology
  • Culture: Growing fungi
Diagnosis: Based on physical and lab findings
Treatment: Griseofulvin, polyenes, azoles

Lichen Planus

General:
  • Idiopathic inflammatory disease affecting skin, hair, nails, and mucosa
  • Common in middle-aged adults
Pathophysiology:
  • T cell and cytokine cell infiltration leading to IFN-gamma and TNF release
  • HLADR-8 overexpression and keratinocyte adhesion
  • Basal cell damage and reactive hyperkeratosis
Forms:
  • Subjective: Intense pruritus
  • Objective: Papules, fine scale
  • Mucosal: Tongue and buccal involvement
  • Nail: Plate thinning, long grooving and ridging, subungual
... Continue reading "Understanding Common Skin Conditions: Pityriasis Versicolor, Lichen Planus, and More" »