Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

History of Medicine

Today, when we have a bad cold or fever, we can go to the doctor and get a prescription for some kind of medicine. But what did people do hundreds of years ago? They couldn't go to the chemist and they couldn't take an aspirin. What could they do?

Ancient Egyptians had a very effective system of medicine. It was very advanced for its time. The Egyptians introduced the concepts of diagnosis and medical examination. They also performed the first surgery around 2750 BC.

The famous Greek physician Hippocrates used herbs in his treatments. But what medicine could ancient people take when they had a headache, a cold, or a stomach ache? Herbal medicine.

Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare. Primitive men observed the great... Continue reading "Ancient Medicine & Modern First Aid" »

1. Cholinergic Agonists

Respond to acetylcholine; refers to receptor sites stimulated by acetylcholine, as well as neurons that release acetylcholine.

• Cause SLUDGE: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, Gastrointestinal distress, Emesis

2. Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists

1. Acetylcholine (Both Muscarinic and Nicotinic)
   • Miosis (pupil constriction)
   • Limited clinical use due to:
     • Non-selectivity
     • Charged nature
     • Short half-life
2. Bethanechol (Muscarinic)
   • Clinical use: Urinary retention
   • Side effect: SLUDGE
   • Not hydrolyzed
3. Pilocarpine (Muscarinic)
   • Clinical use: Dry mouth, Glaucoma
   • Side effect: SLUDGE
   • Can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
4. Succinylcholine (Muscarinic)
5. Carbachol (Both Muscarinic and Nicotinic)
   • Not hydrolyzed
6. Nicotine (Nicotinic)
   • Clinical use: Smoking

SHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGAL?

Nowadays, marijuana is among the youth, even the teenagers or adults, and that’s why I choose this topic. As we know, the marijuana is a famous drug since 1930 more or less, even Bob Marley did it. In the society, there are two types of people fighting between each other, some are agree with the legalization and some not. 

First of all, I think it should be legal because the marijuana has a lot of benefits, like the uses for medical purposes, for example; asthma and some kinds of cancers like glaucoma. Secondly, the major advantage of legalized marijuana should be the reason why people stop or do not start consuming it because once a drug is legal, the aa who consume it because they want to be cool, they lose the

St. Valentine’s Day

1. During Lupercalia: (a) young men and women were paired.
2. Why did Emperor Claudius II cancel all marriages and engagements? (c) Because he needed men for his army.
3. Why was Valentine dragged to jail? (d) Because he disobeyed the emperor.
4. Valentine died in love. TRUE: “It is said that, before his execution, Valentine himself had fallen in love with the jailer’s daughter.”
5. St. Valentine’s Day is no longer a Roman Catholic festivity today. TRUE: “In 1969 it was dropped from the Roman Catholic calendar as a designated feast day.”
6. Nowadays there are more Valentine’s cards than Christmas cards sold in the US. FALSE: “Today, over 1 billion Valentine’s cards are sent in the US – second in number only to Christmas cards.

Reading Comprehension

Sniffer Bees

Sniffer bees: C(a new use)-D(learn)-C(sends)-C(fit)-C(tiny)-B(they don’t)-A(are not)-A(diagnosis)

The Statues of Easter Island

The statues of Easter Island: C(is the most isolated)-B(are larger)-C(played)-C(land)-B(the inhabitants had eaten)-A(the Rapanui were fighting)-C(died of illness)-B(the Rapanui don’t)

Festival Entrepreneurs

Festival entrepreneurs: C(they are more diverse)-B(the tickets sell)-D(has plans)-A(you can make new)-A(you can travel without)-B(inconvenience)-B(companies like)-A(the economic)

Britain’s New Eco-Towns

Britain’s new eco-towns: D(no cars in)-C(land that was originally)-C(to use less water)-D(eco-towns are not green)-B(traffic)-C(tend to)-C(backing for)-A(harvested)

Film Sponsorship

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Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar

Vocabulary

• Script: guió
• Access - accessible
• Anxiety - anxious
• Romance - romantic
• Succeed – Succession
• Choose – choice
• Entertain – entertainment
• Grow – growth
• Live – life
• Produce – production
• Separate – separation
• Supply –

Phrasal Verbs

• Get through à fer-se entendre, connectar (to get through à to make oneself understood, to connect)
• Get round à voltejar, molestar en fer algo (to get around à to circumvent, to bother while doing something)
• Get over à superar (to get over à to overcome)
• Get down à deprimir, cansar (to get down à to depress, to tire)
• Get away à sortir-se’n (to get away à to get away with it)
• Get into à interesar-se, ficar-se en algo (to get into à to become interested, to get

Medical & Everyday Vocabulary

English to Spanish Terms

• Tablet: Comprimido
• Stomach ache: Dolor de estómago
• It's twenty past one: Son la 1:20
• Neck: Cuello
• Low cholesterol: Colesterol bajo
• Iron: Hierro
• Elbow: Codo
• Lotion: Loción
• Shoulder: Hombro
• Cream: Crema
• Onion: Cebolla

Spanish to English Terms

• Mano: Hand
• Oreja: Ear
• Nariz: Nose
• Espalda: Back
• Carne: Meat
• Pescado: Fish
• Vegetales: Vegetables
• Productos lácteos: Dairy products

Pharmacy Dialogues

Dialogue 1: Spanish Interaction

• Pharmacist: Buenos días, ¿puedo ayudarle?
• Patient: Sí, esto me duele.
• Pharmacist: ¿Le duele la garganta?
• Patient: Sí, me duele la garganta.

Dialogue 2: English Pharmacy Visit

• Pharmacist: Hello, Ochoa Pharmacy. May I help you?
• Patient: I'm not feeling well. I feel dizzy and I have a bad headache.

Synonyms and Antonyms: Enhance Your Vocabulary

Common Expressions and Feelings

• Ready: In place
• Resemble: Take after
• Move from childhood to adulthood: Grow up
• Prove to be the case: Turn out
• Really depressed: Down in the dumps
• Really happy: Over the moon
• Became really angry: Fly off the handle
• An annoying person or thing: Pain in the neck
• A very kind personality: Heart of gold
• Run a gentle pace: Jog
• Extremely unhappy: Heartbroken
• Extremely thin: Skinny
• Slightly hungry: Peckish
• Overweight: Obese
• Look at something quickly: Glance
• Grumpy: Bad-tempered
• Bullying: Hurting
• Grim: Worrying
• Tempting: Appealing
• Big, not long: Large
• Recommend: Advise
• In the end: Eventually
• Place where waste is taken and left: Rubbish dump
• Help someone to remember something: Remind
• Using up a supply

1. Lift Weights

Lifting weights is one of the best, fastest, and most effective ways to burn fat. Muscle mass is very important. Weight lifting helps you keep and expand it.

• Your body's metabolism will have to do more work (i.e., burn more calories) in order to sustain your muscle, even if you're just sitting down watching TV!
• You get a nice after-workout extra calorie burn for up to 38 hours.
• You're going to look amazing underneath your fat tissue, so once it's gone, you'll look toned and great, not soft and skinny!
• It is recommended that you do at least 3-4 workouts a week.
  • If you are doing 3 days, go for compound exercises to maximize time!
  • If you can do 4 workouts a week, an upper body/lower body split is recommended again to make the most of