Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine and health sciences

History of Medicine

Today, when we have a bad cold or fever, we can go to the doctor and get a prescription for some kind of medicine. But what did people do hundreds of years ago? They couldn't go to the chemist and they couldn't take an aspirin. What could they do?

Ancient Egyptians had a very effective system of medicine. It was very advanced for its time. The Egyptians introduced the concepts of diagnosis and medical examination. They also performed the first surgery around 2750 BC.

The famous Greek physician Hippocrates used herbs in his treatments. But what medicine could ancient people take when they had a headache, a cold, or a stomach ache? Herbal medicine.

Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare. Primitive men observed the great...

Water Pollution

Water pollution is a modification of water, usually caused by human beings, which makes it improper or dangerous for human consumption, industry, agriculture, fishing, and recreational activities, as well as for animals. Although water pollution can come from natural sources, such as the ash from a volcano, most of today's pollution comes from human activities.

Endangered Species

Unfortunately, there are many species that today are at risk of extinction. Many of them, due to the action of man and global climate change, which is also an indirect effect of the activities of the human being. Some of them are already condemned to disappear a few years from now, and although there are many organizations that work to preserve them, they...

Basic First Aid Principles

Legal Aspects of First Aid

Understanding the legal framework is crucial when providing first aid. "Good Samaritan" laws protect individuals who offer assistance in an emergency, provided certain conditions are met.

Good Samaritan Laws

You are protected from liability as long as:

• You are reasonably careful.
• You act in "good faith" (not for a reward).
• You do not provide care beyond your skill level.

If you decide to help an ill or injured person, you must not leave them until someone with equal or more emergency training takes over.

Consent for First Aid

A responsible adult must agree to receive first aid care. Obtaining consent is a fundamental step before providing assistance.

Expressed Consent

Expressed Consent means the victim...

Future

Alien, Artificial Intelligence, Catastrophe, and More

Explore potential future scenarios, from advancements in artificial intelligence and space travel to challenges like climate change and overpopulation. This section delves into both optimistic and pessimistic perspectives on what the future holds.

Keywords:

• Alien
• Artificial Intelligence
• Catastrophe
• Climate Change
• Colony
• Crime Wave
• Cyborg
• Epidemic
• Hologram
• Optimistic
• Overpopulation
• Pessimistic
• Pollution
• Robot
• Space Station
• Space Travel
• Virtual World
• War

Actions:

• Arm yourself
• Call yourself
• Consider yourself
• Defend yourself
• Look after yourself
• Prepare yourself
• Teach yourself

Interactions:

• Bump into
• Call round
• Come along
• Go along
• Come round-over
• Drop sb off
• Go out
• Have sb around
• Meet up with
• Pick sb up
• Stay in

Professions:

• Artist
• Baker
• Beginner
• Biologist
• Controller
• Cyclist
• Editor
• Founder
• Instructor
• Journalist
• Maker
• Operator
• Owner
• Politician
• Professor
• Psychologist
• Ruler
• Scientist
• Stranger
• Swimmer
• Survivor
• Technician
• Tourist
• Traveler
• Visitor
• Winner

Entertainment

Adventures,

1. True or False Statements

Copy the evidence from the text. No marks are given for only TRUE or FALSE. (Maximum Score: 2 points)

1. While testing the Google car, humans never had to take control and drive it.

   FALSE: With someone behind the wheel to take control if something goes wrong, seven test cars have driven 225,000 kilometres with only two human interventions.

   [Incorrect Proposal Feedback: TRUE: ...seven test cars have driven 225,000 kilometres with only two human interventions.]

2. Since robot cars can be made to weigh less, they will use less petrol.

   TRUE: Because the robot cars would eventually be less likely to crash, they could be built lighter, reducing fuel consumption.

2. Comprehension Questions (In Your Own Words)

Based on the ideas in the...

Nick Carraway and the Moral Compass of West Egg

The narrator, Nick Carraway, starts the book by sharing advice from his father about the importance of not criticizing others. The Buchanans live in the modern East Egg, while Nick resides in the West Egg area—a location that is less elite but rising in status, situated on the opposite side of the bay.

The Mysterious Jay Gatsby and the Green Light

Nick becomes intrigued by Jay Gatsby, a wealthy and mysterious man who lives in a massive mansion next to Nick. Gatsby spends many of his evenings standing in his garden, staring across the water at a green light located at the end of a dock.

Tom Buchanan and the Valley of Ashes

Tom takes Nick to the city to meet his mistress, Myrtle Wilson, who is married....

Initial Encounter

The Caterpillar and Alice looked at each other for some time in silence. At last the Caterpillar took the hookah out of its mouth, and addressed her in a languid, sleepy voice.

Question of Identity

“Who are YOU?” said the Caterpillar.

This was not an encouraging opening for a conversation. Alice replied, rather shyly, “I—I hardly know, sir, just at present—at least I know who I WAS when I got up this morning, but I think I must have been changed several times since then.”

“What do you mean by that?” said the Caterpillar sternly. “Explain yourself!”

“I can't explain myself, I'm afraid, sir,” said Alice, “because I'm not myself, you see.”

“I'm afraid I can't put it more clearly,” Alice replied very politely,...

Present Tenses

Present Simple

sings - are signed / 3 column

Present Continuous

is signing - are being signed / 3 column

Past Tenses

Past Simple

signed - were signed / 3 column

Past Continuous

was signing - were being signed / 3 column

Perfect Tenses

Present Perfect Simple

has signed - have been signed / 3 column

Past Perfect Simple

had signed - had been signed / 3 column

Future Tense

Future Simple

will sign - will be signed / 3 column

Modals

Modals

should sign - should be signed / 3 column

Modal Perfect

must have signed - must have been signed / 3 column

Other Verb Forms

Have to

has to sign - have to be signed / 3 column

Be Going To

is going to sign - are going to be signed / 3 column

Question Words

How long: cuanto tiempo When: cuando Who: quien How old: cuantos años

Where:

Essential Vocabulary Definitions

• Delve: To dig or labor with or as if with a spade; to make a careful or detailed search for information; to examine a subject in detail.
• Proclivity: An inclination or predisposition toward something; especially a strong inherent inclination toward something objectionable.
• Miasma: A vaporous exhalation formerly believed to cause disease; a heavy vaporous emanation or atmosphere; an influence or atmosphere that tends to deplete or corrupt; fog.
• Affluent: Flowing in abundance; having a generously sufficient and typically increasing supply of material possessions.
• Tremulous: Characterized by or affected with trembling or tremors; affected with timidity; such as is or might be caused by nervousness or shakiness; exceedingly

Understanding Common Health Symptoms

Symptoms are the signals our bodies use to communicate that there may be health problems. They indicate changes in how your body is functioning and can help identify what is wrong. When reporting symptoms, it is crucial to be as explicit as possible about how you feel. Not feeling well often suggests that there is an underlying health issue.

I. Technical vs. Common Names for Symptoms

Match the illness or symptom to the way people most commonly describe it.