Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Medicine & Health

Continuation of Item 4:

Incorrect Attitudes Towards Family Illness

The following are incorrect attitudes when dealing with the illness of a family member:

1. Permanently refusing to face reality, which negatively affects the patient's psychological development.
2. Overprotecting the patient.
3. Interrupting all recreational activities, i.e., not allowing distractions.
4. Falling into servitude, that is, doing everything the patient says. This can lead to the patient and family resenting this behavior and engaging in recriminations.
5. Having a passive and inept attitude, that is, not wanting to learn how to care for the sick person.
6. Maintaining feelings of rage and anger for an extended period, which often accompanies the illness.
7. Anticipating the mourning stage,

Bowel Elimination Physiology in the Elderly

In the elderly, stools are less frequent and may be harder. Constipation is a common complaint among healthy elderly patients, often without a clear single etiology. Aging produces:

• Slowing of gastrointestinal motility.
• Mucosal and intestinal muscle atrophy.
• Reduced nerve function in the intestine, rectum, and anus.

Subjective Constipation

In the elderly, this is usually related to incorrect assessments or ideas acquired due to cognitive decline.

Manifestations

Unrealistic expectations regarding the quantity and timing of bowel movements, leading to the abuse of laxatives.

Criteria Scores

The elderly person must:

• Recognize their bowel pattern as normal.
• Recognize the negative effects of laxatives.
• Specify activities

A

• In a good deal: Many, above all, especially abroad.
• Accountant: The stranger.
• Address book: Contact.
• Afford: Allow.
• All in all: In general.
• Alow/Allow: Permit.
• Annoyed: Angry.
• Apply for: Seek.
• Approach: Method.
• Ardent: Fervent.
• As long as: Provided that.
• Assortment: Collection.
• Avoid: Evade.

B

• Be about to: Ready to.
• Beat about the bush: Avoid saying something directly.
• Beg: Plead.
• Boarding school: Residential school.
• Boot: Car trunk.
• Bottom line: The main point.
• Break a habit: Stop a habit.
• Break someone's heart: Cause emotional pain.
• Break the news: Inform.
• Bursts into tears: Starts crying.
• Business executive: Executive.

C

• Cab: Taxi.
• Can: Tin.
• Candy: Sweets.
• Chance: Occasion.
• Charm: Attractive quality.
• Check: Examine.
• Cheer: Applaud.
• Chemist's: Pharmacy.
• Choice: Option.
• Clap:

Key Facts on Nutrition and Dietary Guidelines

42. In the case of basic amino acids, such as alanine, the body *lacks* synthesis mechanisms to address the needs. False

43. In myocardial infarction, a soft diet is recommended because it is easily digestible, *not* involving a remarkable effort. True

44. Involuntary feeding is conscious and includes all activities aimed at obtaining food. False

45. Type II diabetes usually occurs in individuals older than 35-40 years and is associated with resistance to the action of insulin. True

46. The raw fiber that is ingested in uncooked vegetables, would be the same as the total ingested fiber if those same vegetables were cooked. False

47. Fructose is a *monosaccharide*, and its main nutritional interest is... Continue reading "Nutrition and Dietary Guidelines: Key Facts" »

Intervention in Language Problems

This relates to patients with difficulties in language acquisition, verbal expression, pronunciation, reading, and writing. The speech therapist's role is to teach effective communication strategies and provide systems that enable individuals to express themselves through spoken, written, or gestural means.

Speech Therapy

Speech therapy is a discipline encompassing the study, prevention, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of language pathologies.

Speech Articulation Disorders

• Dyslalia: Difficulty articulating phonemes (vowels and consonants) correctly.
  • Evolutionary: Language immaturity.
  • Audiogenic: Hearing impairment.
  • Functional: Difficulty controlling speech organs.
  • Organic: Organ impairment.
• Diglossia: Changes in

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes typically appears in children and young adults. It often manifests suddenly in individuals who are not overweight. People with Type 1 diabetes do not produce insulin.

It can be genetic in origin due to an autoimmune problem, where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own insulin-producing cells.

Symptoms:

• Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
• Constant hunger (polyphagia)
• Frequent urination (polyuria)
• Vision problems

Treatment involves regulating blood glucose levels. The pancreas produces insulin to reduce glucose concentrations and glucagon to enhance them. A glucometer is used to measure glucose levels. Doctors may perform a glucose tolerance test to diagnose diabetes. Insulin can be injected using an insulin... Continue reading "Diabetes Types, Alzheimer's, Obesity, and Nutrition" »

First Aid

Position the Injured: Place the wounded person on their side to prevent choking and ensure their tongue does not obstruct their airway.

Kit: Soothing agents, betadine, bandages, plasters, thermometer, ointments, syringes, chlorhexidine, tape.

Cardiac Massage

Place the heel of your right hand on the lower half of the sternum and your left hand on top. Perform 60-80 compressions per minute for adults and 100 for babies.

Rescue Breathing

Place the heel of your hand on the forehead of the wounded person, pinch their nose, and lift their jaw with your other hand. Breathe directly into their mouth at a rate of 10 breaths per minute for adults and 15-20 for babies.

Health Concepts

Health

A complete state in which a person normally develops all their... Continue reading "Essential First Aid and Occupational Health Practices" »

Hominization: The Path to Humanity

Hominization is the process through which primates, our ancestors, gradually acquired the physical structure of humans. This involved a series of morphological changes affecting their bodies, changes observed in the fossil record. Significant morphological changes include:

• Lengthening of the hip.
• Development of bipedal walking legs.
• Atrophy of the lower jaw and masseter muscles (releasing the skull).
• Increasing complexity of the brain (leading to greater intelligence).
• Development of the hand, particularly the thumb (allowing the use and manufacture of tools).

Humanization is the process by which our ancestors acquired culture, the elements that constitute civilization. This involves not physical changes, but cultural... Continue reading "Hominization and Evolution: Key Concepts Explained" »

Procedure: Inform the patient that it is bath time and request their cooperation. Offer the bedpan or urinal before you start cleaning. Gather all materials so that they are within reach. Wash your hands and put on gloves. Place the patient in a supine position.

1. Head - Hair and Face

Hair

From the recumbent position, remove the patient's pillow and place a towel under their head. Roll another towel around the neck. Place a waterproof sheet under the patient's head and shoulders, securing the towel and a rubber grip. Create a channel with the sheet leading to a container or basin to collect water. Protect the patient's eyes with a washcloth. Wet the hair and apply shampoo. Scrub, making circular motions to massage the scalp gently with your fingertips.

Organic and Physiological Changes

Organic and physiological changes: Functional modifications occur in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. These include a decline in salivary secretion, reduced esophageal peristalsis, and decreased gastric acid secretion. Sensory alterations affect sight, taste, and smell, leading to inappetence and disinterest in food, often resulting in malnutrition.

Metabolic Changes

Metabolic changes: Cholesterol levels change, generally increasing lipemia, and protein synthesis degrades. Glycemic alterations in glucose utilization are frequent, leading to a decline in basal metabolism and, consequently, reduced energy needs.

Physical Activity

Physical activity: Physical work effectiveness and aerobic capacity (maximal... Continue reading "Nutrition for Seniors: Maintaining Health and Well-being" »