Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

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Regulations and Requirements for Therapeutic Products in Singapore

Classified in Medicine & Health

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Therapeutic productsCometic products(2type)ivd+generalMedical devicesoral dental gumsChinese proprietary medicinetraditional MedicineQuasimedicinal productsmedicated oil and balms
ExamplesParacetemol,antibiotics,bloodpressure medicationmakeup,thoothpaste,cleanser,
bodysoap(+medicatedsoap) ,shampoo(+antidandruff),anti-achne prep		generalmedicaldevice(thermometer/Bpmeter/contactlens/condoms)
IVD(Bloodglucosemeter.Pregnancykit).Massagers,bodytoning.Magnet.
accessoriesnotmedicaldeviceastheyarenotforpreventingdiagnosingcuringoralleviatingdiseaseorhaveanymedicalpurpose		Xylitol/orbit.Dentalgumslingzhitablets.Ginseng+pochaipill/
DoesnotincludeCPMininjectionform.CPMclassifiedasTP		ginseng(original).Traditionaljavamedicinejamu. Nonchingherbalmeds.medicatedplaster/
... Continue reading "Regulations and Requirements for Therapeutic Products in Singapore" »
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Kitchen Essentials and Classroom Event Ideas

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Essential Kitchen Tools

Here are some common kitchen tools and their uses:

  • Peeler: Used to peel carrots, potatoes, etc. (to remove the skin of vegetables).
  • Ice Tray: Water is put into the container and placed in the freezer so that ice cubes are formed.
  • Spatula: Used to handle food. For example, if you are cooking a hamburger, you can turn it or remove it with a spatula.
  • Strainer: Used, for example, when you make macaroni. Put the pasta in the strainer to drain the water, leaving the pasta behind.
  • Cutting Board: Used as a support when cutting food, preventing knife marks on the counter or other kitchen surfaces.

More Kitchen Items

  • Wok / Frying Pan (sartén)
  • Strainer (colador)
  • Saucepan (cacerola)
  • Peeler (pelador)
  • Rolling Pin (rodillo)
  • Casserole Dish (molde)
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Epinephrine Synthesis, Adrenergic Receptors & Pharmacology

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Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Synthesis

The synthesis pathway for catecholamines like norepinephrine and epinephrine is as follows:

  1. Phenylalanine is converted to Tyrosine.
  2. Tyrosine is taken into the neuron via a transporter.
  3. Tyrosine is converted to L-DOPA by the enzyme Tyrosine Hydroxylase. (This is the rate-limiting step in the pathway).
  4. L-DOPA is converted to Dopamine by the enzyme Dopa Decarboxylase.
  5. Dopamine is transported into a vesicle via the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter (VMAT).
  6. Inside the vesicle, Dopamine is converted to Norepinephrine by the enzyme Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase.
  7. Synthesis may stop at Norepinephrine, depending on the cell type.
  8. In the adrenal medulla, Norepinephrine can be further converted to Epinephrine by the enzyme Phenylethanolamine
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Complications and Management of Chronic Pain

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Opioid Adverse Effects:

  • Constipation
  • Sleep Apnea
  • Endocrine Disturbances
  • Cognitive Difficulties
  • Unintended Overdose
  • Addiction
  • Opioid Induced Pain

Pain and Stress:

  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Financial Problems
  • Family Problems
  • Job Uncertainty
  • Medical Uncertainty

Chronic Pain Prevalence:

Higher in women, previously employed but not currently, adults living in or near poverty levels, rural residents

Lower in adults with at least a bachelor's degree

Chronic Pain Treatment/Management:

  • Stress Management
  • Guided Imagery
  • Relaxation Therapy
  • Acupuncture
  • Nerve Blocks
  • Physical Therapy
  • Medication
  • Hypnosis
  • Pain Groups

Common Types of Chronic Pain:

Neuropathic: Irritation due to injury to tissue in the central or peripheral nervous system

Nociceptive: Irritation of pain receptors in somatic structures... Continue reading "Complications and Management of Chronic Pain" »

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Unusual Events and Everyday Situations: Anecdotes

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A Widow's Request at the Funeral Home

A widow took a look at her dear departed…

  1. He died because he was struck by lightning.
  2. The woman was angry because they had put him in the brown suit, and she wanted him in the blue suit.
  3. Because the woman said she was the one who paid.
  4. He did not change the suit. He changed the body and put the head on another body.
  5. a) To change. b) Changing.
  6. If the widow had not insisted, they would not have changed the suit.
  7. Dead - Departed. Start - Begin. Quick - Speedy. Exchange - Switch.
  8. a) Brought b) Said.

English Lessons on the Train

When I saw English lessons only written...

  1. He was invited to attend a class and see how it worked. He had to travel 40 miles to Eidsvoll and get up at six in the morning.
  2. He was initiated by the
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Otolaryngology Review

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Guideline

1. Focus on Solving (All / None)

2. Focus on Solving (T/F)

3. Focus on Solving Subject by Subject

Moderate Allergy Tx

(C)

Aphyxia

->(ER Tracheostomy)

Larynx Abd

->(C-A-P)

Allergy

-> Pale mucosa!

Septal Resection Does Not Cause

-> Nasal Polyp

Photoan

-> Weak VC

Contact Ulcer

-> Vocal abuse!

VC Lateral

-> Paralysis

VC Constriction

-> Functional aphonia!

Bullous Myringitis

-> PS Aeruginosa!

Normal Skin

-> Except diphtheria!

Swelling of Inner Orbital

-> ALL

Sinuses

  • Posterior Ethmoid -> (Superior meatus)
  • Max sinus -> Middle meatus
  • Max sinus -> at nose level

Tonsillitis

  • Acute (NOT) Nasopharyngeal obstruction
  • Chronic (Not) -> bad smell!
  • Hypertrophy (compli) -> Otitis media + Hearing loss
  • Chronic (except) -> systemic features!
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Digestión y funciones de los órganos del sistema digestivo

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Digestión

1. A. Esófago B. Estómago C. Páncreas D. Intestino delgado E. Intestino grueso

2. Por la boca

3. Por enzimas

4. La amilasa descompone los carbohidratos en azúcar

La lipasa descompone los lípidos en ácidos grasos

La proteasa descompone las proteínas en aminoácidos

5.

6.

7. La bilis es un líquido que se produce y se libera por el hígado y se almacena en la vesícula biliar.

8. Aminoácidos

9. Azúcar

10. Ácidos grasos

11.

12. (i) Amilasa (ii) Lipasa (iii) Proteasa

13. Ocasionalmente

14. La función principal del intestino grueso es absorber agua de los restos de alimentos no digeribles y eliminar los materiales inútiles del cuerpo.

15. Digestion

16.

17.

18.

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Travel Vocabulary: Essential Words and Phrases for Travelers

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  • Unit 8:
Bold: courageous
Off you go: you can leave
Whitewater: water in a river that flows fast and strongly over rocks
A stroll: a slow walk
A hike: walk in a hilly area
No matter: it is no important
Overseas: countries across the sea
Help yourself: take sth. offered
To trade: to exchange
To rely: depend on with full trust or confidence
Wits: intelligence and the ability to think quickly
Sake: purpose
Seasoned: experienced
Seeking: trying to find or get something, especially something that is not a physical object
Keying in: putting information into a computer using a keyboard
Have to go: try, attempt to do sth.
Youth hostel: a place providing cheap accommodation, aimed mainly at young people on walking or cycling tours.
Delayed: A delayed action mechanism
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Secondary Hypertension and Bariatric Surgery

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Secondary Hypertension

Causes of Secondary Hypertension

  • Renal: Stenosis, PCKD, Obstruction
  • Endocrine: Cushing's syndrome, Adrenogenital syndrome, Pheochromocytoma, Acromegaly
  • Aorta Coarctation
  • Other: Thyroid disorders, Hypercalcemia

Red Flags in Secondary Hypertension

  • Hypokalemia
  • Early age of onset
  • Patient over 50 years old
  • High severity
  • Refractory to therapy
  • Increased paroxysmal blood pressure
  • Absence of obesity

Pheochromocytoma

Diagnosis

  • Plasma metanephrine level
  • Urine free catecholamine
  • Ultrasound/CT
  • MIBG In-111

Cushing's Syndrome

Diagnosis

  • 24-hour urine cortisol
  • 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (screening)
  • 8 mg dexamethasone suppression test
  • Cortisol circadian rhythm
  • Laboratory tests: Increased hematocrit/hemoglobin, decreased eosinophils
  • Sinus/petrous imaging

Multiple

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Rehabilitation System: Principles, Goals, and Stages

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*** Constituent Parts of Rehabilitation System: Principle Goals....

- Rehab is the treatment designed to facilitate recovery from injury/disease

- Can be: physical/psychological/social/educational

  • Legal part
  • Medical rehabilitation
  • Vocational rehabilitation
  • Education
  • Compensatory technical, orthopedic means
  • Environmental adaptation
  • Culture, sports, recreation, religion
  • Information
  • Transport
  • Social care and services
  • Income compensation
  • Training of specialists
  • Medical social expertise


^^ Stages of Rehab:

  • I----. Hospital Setting, Hospital Staff
  • II----> In Sanatorium/Outpatient
  • III----> Home Setting, Practitioner or Family Member


^^ Principles, Goals & Task of Rehab:

  • Treatment of Pathology
  • Decrease Impairment
  • Prevent and Treat Complications
  • Increase Activity
  • Physiological
... Continue reading "Rehabilitation System: Principles, Goals, and Stages" »
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