Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Core Vocabulary: Nature, Nurture, and Development

• NATURE: Qualities inherent in a person; personality traits determined by genetics.
• NURTURE: To take care of, feed, and protect someone or something, especially young children, and help them develop.
• DEPENDS ON: To be affected or determined by someone or something else.
• RAISED / REARED (someone): Brought up or cared for during childhood.
• CHARACTERISTICS: Distinctive features or qualities (e.g., "for our physical characteristics").
• SEPARATION: The state of being apart (e.g., "amazing parallels between their lives, despite their separation").
• YOUNGSTERS: Young people or children.
• EXCELLED: Performed exceptionally well; was a good student.
• (UNDER)ACHIEVING: Failing to succeed or perform up to potential.
• COMPARABLE:

Understanding the Passive Voice

Definition: The passive voice offers a new perspective on an action, focusing on the recipient rather than the performer.

When to Use the Passive Voice

The passive voice is used when:

1. We don’t know the subject (the performer of the action).
2. The subject is not important or obvious.
3. We don’t want to say who performed the action.
4. We want to highlight the object (the recipient of the action).

Structure of the Passive Sentence

The basic structure is: Object + To Be (conjugated) + Past Participle (+ by Agent)

Examples:

• My dog was bitten by another dog.
• James has been sent to Paris.
• Ten cars were stolen yesterday night.

The Agent in Passive Sentences

The Agent is the performer of the action in a passive sentence.

• It is the “real”

Understanding the Passive Voice

Here are some examples of the passive voice in different tenses:

1. In my opinion, a cure for cancer will be found one day.
2. At the moment, the operation is being carried out by the surgeon.
3. Nothing has been done yet.
4. When I switched on the TV, a movie was being shown.
5. Most of the music awards must have been presented by now.
6. We were able to enter because the alarm had been switched off.

Passive Voice in Sentences

Let's look at how active sentences transform into passive ones:

1. Scientists have discovered the gene that causes baldness.

   Passive: A new gene that controls hair growth has been discovered.

2. The band released their new album last weekend.

   Passive: Their new album was released last weekend.

3. Wendy is teaching music to the

Core Healthcare and Treatment Definitions

• Healthcare (Atención Sanitaria)

  The field concerned with the maintenance or restoration of the health of the body or mind, supplying services, equipment, and information related to maintaining and restoring physical and mental health. Synonyms: medical attention.

• Treatment (Tratamiento)

  The use of medicines, surgery, or other methods in curing a person of a disorder. Synonyms: medical care, remedy, therapy, medication.

• Disease (Enfermedad)

  A disorder or illness that usually results from infection, deficient nutrition, or environmental factors, or a disordered/incorrectly functioning organ.

  Note on Usage: Illness is often used for both more severe and more minor medical problems, including those affecting

Understanding Nature vs. Nurture

Key Definitions

• Nature: What you are when you're born (often associated with genetics).
• Nurture: What you get from life (often associated with environment and experience).

Grammar Practice: Modals and Functions

Expressing Uncertainty and Hesitation

Sentence: I hesitate, I'm not sure which way to go...

Exercise: I hesitate, I'm not sure which way to go...

Modal Verbs: Necessity

Sentence: You need to reach your goal.

Exercise: You need to reach your goal. (necessity)

Modal Verbs: Possibility

Sentence: You could be a doctor.

Exercise: You could be a doctor. (possibility)

Modal Verbs: Probability

Sentence: You might have a stable life with wife and children.

Exercise: You might have a stable life with wife and children. (probability)... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar: Modals, Vocabulary, and Concepts" »

Arguments for Cloning

Argument 1: Medical Benefits

Cloning offers numerous advantages, including rejuvenation, reversing heart attacks, and treating infertility. It also has applications in plastic, reconstructive, and cosmetic surgery. Furthermore, cloning can help eliminate defective genes and provide other significant benefits by enabling scientists to create or remove new cells.

Argument 2: Stem Cell Applications

Stem cells, which are undifferentiated cells capable of becoming any cell type, are crucial for cloning. They accelerate the process of finding donors for patients. For instance, if a patient requires new skin cells due to severe burns, doctors can clone stem cells to generate the necessary skin cells, greatly aiding recovery.

Argument

Understanding Relationships & Personal Ownership

Key Relationship Vocabulary

• Ask (someone) out - pedir salir
• Be on the rebound - estar en el rebote
• Be seeing (someone) - estar saliendo con alguien
• Be through (with someone) - haber terminado con alguien
• Break off (a relationship) - romper una relación
• Cheat on (someone) - ser infiel a alguien
• Dump (someone) - dejar a alguien
• Fancy (someone) - que te atraiga alguien
• Have a crush on (someone) - tener atracción por alguien
• Have a date with (someone)
• Have a row with (someone) - tener una discusión
• Hurt (someone) - herir a alguien (emocionalmente)
• On the rocks - a punto de desmoronarse (una relación)
• Split up with (someone) - separarse de alguien
• There are plenty more fish in the sea - hay muchas más personas

Mastering English Grammar Essentials

English Verb Tenses: Structures and Usage

Present Simple

• Structure: Verb + s/es (for third person singular)
• Common Time Expressions: always, usually, generally, often, sometimes, every week, never, every day, at night

Present Continuous

• Structure: am/is/are + verb + ing
• Common Time Expressions: now, right now, at the moment, this year, at present, today, next, tomorrow (for future arrangements)

Past Simple

• Structure: Verb + ed / irregular verb (did for negative/questions)
• Common Time Expressions: yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 2004, when, then, 15th century

Past Continuous

• Structure: was/were + verb + ing
• Common Time Expressions: last night, last week, last year, at 3:00, when, while, as

Future Simple

• Structure:

English Synonyms

• Awful - Horrible
• Believe - Think (Pienso)
• Dangerous - Risky (Peligroso)
• Feeling - Emotion (Sentimiento)
• Quick - Fast (Rápido)
• Surprised - Shocked (Sorprendente)
• Fantastic - Great (Fantástico)
• Enormous - Huge (Enorme)
• Tiny - Very small (Muy pequeño)
• Frightened - Afraid (Miedoso)
• Attractive - Beautiful (Atractivo)
• Comfortable - Cozy (Cómodo)
• Run away - Escape (Huir)
• Grow up - Become an adult (Crecer)
• Marks - Results (Marcas)
• Peaceful - Quiet (Tranquilo)
• Pleasant - Kind (Agradable)
• Skyscraper - Tall building (Rascacielos)
• Underground - Tube (Subterráneo)
• Sort of - Kind of (Tipo de)
• Crowded - Plenty of people (Lleno de personas)
• Free time - Spare time (Tiempo libre)
• Allow - Let (Permitir)
• Refuse - Reject (Rechazar)
• Escape - Run away (Escapar)
• Get on