Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Vocabulary and Grammar Essentials

General Vocabulary

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If a patient has a family history of cardiovascular disease and is concerned about his own level of risk, the most useful measurements would be serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels

If gangrene develops in a patient's foot and the patient is found to have high blood lipid levels, he or she probably has peripheral artery disease.

If a patient has a thrombosis in a cerebral artery, he or she would experience a stroke.

A patient who would be likely to have elevated serum triglyceride levels is a(n) overweight man who drinks three alcoholic beverages a day.

The primary goal of therapy to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease is to lower serum levels of _____ cholesterol. LDL

In a 55-year-old woman, an LDL cholesterol

Essential Vocabulary Definitions

• Delve: To dig or labor with or as if with a spade; to make a careful or detailed search for information; to examine a subject in detail.
• Proclivity: An inclination or predisposition toward something; especially a strong inherent inclination toward something objectionable.
• Miasma: A vaporous exhalation formerly believed to cause disease; a heavy vaporous emanation or atmosphere; an influence or atmosphere that tends to deplete or corrupt; fog.
• Affluent: Flowing in abundance; having a generously sufficient and typically increasing supply of material possessions.
• Tremulous: Characterized by or affected with trembling or tremors; affected with timidity; such as is or might be caused by nervousness or shakiness; exceedingly

issues(problemes): performance(rendiment), assessment(avaluacio), rehydratation strategies, sex, sweating rate. -- increase risk: initiate dehyated, multiple training, diuretics

The 27 Club is the title used to refer to artists who have died at age 27, usually due to suicides, murders, or drug abuse, including Kurt Cobain, Amy Winehouse, Jim Morrison, and Jimi Hendrix, among several other artists.

Recently, in 2017, another phenomenon started; some have begun referring to the Club of 21. This term was first used in the song "Legends" by Juice WRLD, in which he narrates his fear of reaching that age, stating that he has become paranoid because many rappers are dying young—coincidentally, those who are called legendary.

Fear of Premature Death in Music

In these lines, he explains that he does not find an answer to the deaths of these rappers who die very young and whose deaths occur unexpectedly.

Drug Abuse and Unexpected

Common English Idioms and Phrases

Here are some of the most common English idioms and phrases that will enrich your English vocabulary and make you sound like a native speaker.

1. ‘The Best of Both Worlds’

Means you can enjoy two different opportunities at the same time.

Example: “By working part-time and looking after her kids two days a week she managed to get the best of both worlds.”

2. ‘Speak of the Devil’

This means that the person you’re just talking about actually appears at that moment.

Example: “Hi Tom, speak of the devil, I was just telling Sara about your new car.”

3. ‘See Eye to Eye’

This means agreeing with someone.

Example: “They finally saw eye to eye on the business deal.”

4. ‘Once in a Blue Moon’

An event... Continue reading "25 Common English Idioms and Phrases to Sound Like a Native" »

Endocrine System Overview

Key glands involved in the endocrine system include:

• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary gland
• Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
• Adrenal glands
• Pancreas
• Testes (in males)
• Ovaries (in females)

Hormone Types and Examples

Steroid Hormones

Produced by:

• Testes and Ovaries (e.g., testosterone, estrogen)
• Adrenal Cortex (e.g., cortisol)

Polypeptide Hormones

Produced by:

• Pituitary Gland (e.g., Human Growth Hormone - HGH, Luteinizing Hormone - LH)
• Pancreas (e.g., insulin)
• Hypothalamus (e.g., Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone - GHRH)

Amino Acid-Derived Hormones

Produced by:

• Adrenal Medulla (e.g., epinephrine)
• Thyroid Gland (e.g., thyroxine)

Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 Diabetes

Cause: The pancreas fails to produce insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Signs &

Essential Health and Medical Terminology

General Health States

• Health: A good natural condition of the body.
• Ill: Not in good health; sick (Spanish: *no encontrarse bien*).
• Disease: (Spanish: *enfermedad*) A more or less serious disorder of the body.
• Ailment: (Spanish: *achaque*) An illness.

Experiencing Illness and Pain

Symptoms and Conditions

• Suffer: (Spanish: *sufrir*) To experience, especially over a long period of time.
• Fall ill: (Spanish: *caer enfermo*) To become ill.
• Pain: A feeling in a particular part of the body.
• Ache: A continuous pain.
• Hurt: (Spanish: *herir*) To cause pain of any kind; to damage.
• Sore throat: Pain in the throat.
• Headache: Pain in the head.

Specific Ailments and Incidents

• Breakdown: (Spanish: *colapso*) A loss of mental health

Personality Adjectives and Meanings

• Self-confident: segur
• Prudish: mitjigat
• Square: mente antigua
• Moody: bipolar
• Shy: vergonyós
• Naive: innocent
• Rude: maleducat
• Greedy: codiciós
• Reliable: confiable
• Cool: guay
• Polite: educat
• Unconventional: poc convencional
• Outgoing: extravertit
• Skeptical: desconfiat
• Easy-going: amigable o senzill
• Cheerful: feliç
• Kind: cuidadós

Adjective Endings

-ing (ser) / -ed (estar)

Sports and Activities: Go, Play, and Do

• Go: go + sport -ing (e.g., run a marathon, a race)
• Play: d’equip o pilota
• Do: els altres

Adverbs of Manner

Quickly, loud or loudly, seriously, easily, fast, good (well), slowly, correctly, hopefully, hard or hardly.

Collocations: Make and Do

• Make: money, mistakes, decision, the bed, tea, breakfast
• Do: homework, business, well,

The passive be+past participle ( the house was built in 1864) The causative have/get + object + past participle (David is going to have his house painted next month).

Modals (must, couldn’t, ought to, will be able to, might not, may, mustn't, don’t have to)

Pres.Simple->signs->are signed  Pres.Cont->is singning->are being signed

Pres.Simple->signed->were signed  Past.Cont->was signing->were being signed

Pres.PerfSimple->has signed->have been signed  Futur.Simpl->will sign->will be signed

Modals->should sign-> should be signed Modalsperfect->must have signed

->must have been signed Have.To->has to sign->have to be signed

be.Going.To->is going to sign->are going to be signed

can->solo... Continue reading "English Grammar: Passive Voice, Modals, and Vocabulary" »