Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Animal Welfare: Definitions and Scope

Animal Welfare (AW) refers to the actions and procedures used in productive systems, from birth through the state of breeding. This includes offering animals comfort in place and transport, focusing on animal well-being and behavioral patterns.

Key Definitions of Animal Welfare

• Broom (1986): Welfare of an individual is the state as regards to its attempts to cope with its environment.
• Hughes (1976): Welfare on a general level is a state of mental and physical health where the animal is in harmony with its environment.
• Webster (1995): Welfare is the ability to sustain physical and mental fitness.

Historical Context of Animal Welfare

The modern movement gained traction following the 1964 publication of the book... Continue reading "Implementing Animal Welfare Standards in Cattle Farming" »

The Importance of Hats

Power

A hat gives a man a new personality.

Accept both young and adult students.

Relax

Many adults try to improve their lives by studying

Trees develop a certain system of communication.

Set off.

Leaves

Me to call Betty

Planning

Export

Carries

Mist

Screen

They will modernize

Arguing

Furnaces

Flood

Achieved

Sample

See / off

Procedure

Diminished

Point

Collision

Willing

Fooling

Drop

Enterprise

Ous

Expects

Put / with

Burglaries

Try

Off

FareTrappedAdvantageAl

To

Along

BarelyMinglesCrew

About

Immigrants

Booklet

Actual

Major

Tecumseh succeeded in stopping white invasion of his bands.a) He defended his people´s rightsc) dark soulsb) find pleasureTitian is one of the precursors of erotic art.Expert in the female figureb) a dream that came truec) surprise in the country

Medical Specialties and Their Functions

Paediatrics:

Deals with sick children.

Pharmacy:

Dispenses medicines.

Renal Unit:

Treats kidney diseases.

Obstetrics:

Specializes in pregnancy and birth.

Pathology:

Studies illnesses and analyzes samples.

Dermatology:

Treats diseases of the skin.

Surgery:

Performs operations on patients.

Physiotherapy:

Designs special exercises for patients.

Haematology:

Studies blood disorders.

Orthopaedics:

Treats bones.

Cardiology:

Specializes in the heart.

Neurology:

Treats disorders of the nervous system.

Healthcare Professionals

• Anaesthetist
• Cardiologist
• Consultant
• Lab Technician
• Midwife

Medical Equipment and Instruments

X-ray Machine:

An imaging device used to view the inside of the body.

Scalpel:

A very sharp knife that is used for cutting through

Core Vocabulary: Nature, Nurture, and Development

• NATURE: Qualities inherent in a person; personality traits determined by genetics.
• NURTURE: To take care of, feed, and protect someone or something, especially young children, and help them develop.
• DEPENDS ON: To be affected or determined by someone or something else.
• RAISED / REARED (someone): Brought up or cared for during childhood.
• CHARACTERISTICS: Distinctive features or qualities (e.g., "for our physical characteristics").
• SEPARATION: The state of being apart (e.g., "amazing parallels between their lives, despite their separation").
• YOUNGSTERS: Young people or children.
• EXCELLED: Performed exceptionally well; was a good student.
• (UNDER)ACHIEVING: Failing to succeed or perform up to potential.
• COMPARABLE:

Understanding the Passive Voice

Definition: The passive voice offers a new perspective on an action, focusing on the recipient rather than the performer.

When to Use the Passive Voice

The passive voice is used when:

1. We don’t know the subject (the performer of the action).
2. The subject is not important or obvious.
3. We don’t want to say who performed the action.
4. We want to highlight the object (the recipient of the action).

Structure of the Passive Sentence

The basic structure is: Object + To Be (conjugated) + Past Participle (+ by Agent)

Examples:

• My dog was bitten by another dog.
• James has been sent to Paris.
• Ten cars were stolen yesterday night.

The Agent in Passive Sentences

The Agent is the performer of the action in a passive sentence.

• It is the “real”

Understanding the Passive Voice

Here are some examples of the passive voice in different tenses:

1. In my opinion, a cure for cancer will be found one day.
2. At the moment, the operation is being carried out by the surgeon.
3. Nothing has been done yet.
4. When I switched on the TV, a movie was being shown.
5. Most of the music awards must have been presented by now.
6. We were able to enter because the alarm had been switched off.

Passive Voice in Sentences

Let's look at how active sentences transform into passive ones:

1. Scientists have discovered the gene that causes baldness.

   Passive: A new gene that controls hair growth has been discovered.

2. The band released their new album last weekend.

   Passive: Their new album was released last weekend.

3. Wendy is teaching music to the

Core Healthcare and Treatment Definitions

• Healthcare (Atención Sanitaria)

  The field concerned with the maintenance or restoration of the health of the body or mind, supplying services, equipment, and information related to maintaining and restoring physical and mental health. Synonyms: medical attention.

• Treatment (Tratamiento)

  The use of medicines, surgery, or other methods in curing a person of a disorder. Synonyms: medical care, remedy, therapy, medication.

• Disease (Enfermedad)

  A disorder or illness that usually results from infection, deficient nutrition, or environmental factors, or a disordered/incorrectly functioning organ.

  Note on Usage: Illness is often used for both more severe and more minor medical problems, including those affecting

Understanding Nature vs. Nurture

Key Definitions

• Nature: What you are when you're born (often associated with genetics).
• Nurture: What you get from life (often associated with environment and experience).

Grammar Practice: Modals and Functions

Expressing Uncertainty and Hesitation

Sentence: I hesitate, I'm not sure which way to go...

Exercise: I hesitate, I'm not sure which way to go...

Modal Verbs: Necessity

Sentence: You need to reach your goal.

Exercise: You need to reach your goal. (necessity)

Modal Verbs: Possibility

Sentence: You could be a doctor.

Exercise: You could be a doctor. (possibility)

Modal Verbs: Probability

Sentence: You might have a stable life with wife and children.

Exercise: You might have a stable life with wife and children. (probability)... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar: Modals, Vocabulary, and Concepts" »

Arguments for Cloning

Argument 1: Medical Benefits

Cloning offers numerous advantages, including rejuvenation, reversing heart attacks, and treating infertility. It also has applications in plastic, reconstructive, and cosmetic surgery. Furthermore, cloning can help eliminate defective genes and provide other significant benefits by enabling scientists to create or remove new cells.

Argument 2: Stem Cell Applications

Stem cells, which are undifferentiated cells capable of becoming any cell type, are crucial for cloning. They accelerate the process of finding donors for patients. For instance, if a patient requires new skin cells due to severe burns, doctors can clone stem cells to generate the necessary skin cells, greatly aiding recovery.

Argument