Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Key Characteristics of a Healthy Diet

A healthy diet is fundamental for well-being. Here are its essential characteristics:

• Variety in Food Choices

  It must be varied, including foods from all groups of the food wheel according to their recommended proportions.

• Balanced Nutrient Intake

  You need to ingest just what your body requires, avoiding excess or deficiency.

• Optimal Energy Distribution from Macronutrients

  The energy distribution from macronutrients should ideally be:

  • 55%-60% from Carbohydrates
  • 25%-30% from Lipids (Fats)
  • 10%-15% from Proteins

• Healthy Fat Sources

  Fats should come mostly from plant sources (excluding palm and coconut oil).

• Adequate Fiber Intake

  It must include fiber. Benefits: Fiber helps regulate bowel movements and limits the amount

Useful English Vocabulary List

• To Take After: To resemble a parent or relative in appearance or character. Example: She takes after her mother in her love of music.
• To See Eye to Eye: To agree fully with someone. Example: We see eye to eye on most important issues.
• To Scold: To rebuke or reprimand someone angrily. Example: She scolded John because of his bad behavior.
• To Speak Your Mind: To say exactly what you think, even if it is not polite or popular. Example: She is not afraid to speak her mind, even if it upsets people.
• To Kill Time: To do something to make time pass while waiting for something else. Example: I'm going to kill time doing some math exercises.
• To Give Someone a Hard Time: To criticize or trouble someone. Example: Josh's pals were

Clinical Case Scenarios

• 85 YO Patient: DM/Osteoporosis (B) → Insufficient physical activity. Recommendation: Calcium supplementation.
• 68 YO Patient: (C) → Nitro 100mg x2, T 4mg. (B) → J/UC/CRP/US (Interpretation unclear, likely lab/imaging tests).
• 82 YO Patient: Pneumonia (Pn) + Pyelonephritis (B) → Ceftriaxone 750 mg once.
• 86 YO Patient: C. difficile Treatment (Tx) (D) → Discontinue Ceftriaxone; initiate Vancomycin.
• 84 YO Patient: Fall Prevention in Elderly → Shortest option (Focus on factors other than fatigue or agility).
• Women with Depression → Treatment: CITALOPRAM.

Key Clinical Concepts and Questions

• Gastrointestinal (GI) Changes with Age (D): Decreased salivary gland function, decreased liver size, decreased detoxification potential.

Airport Check-in Process

Navigating the airport is straightforward with these steps:

1. First, locate the check-in desk.
2. Next, check in your luggage and receive your boarding pass.
3. Proceed through passport control and head to the departure lounge.
4. After checking your gate number, proceed to your assigned gate.
5. Finally, board the plane.

Travel Communication

Meeting Reschedule: Important Update

Subject: Meeting Reschedule Request - Airport Strikes

Hi both,

Really sorry, but I'm afraid I'm going to have to reschedule our meeting. There are strikes at the airport on Tuesday, starting at 10:00 AM. I'm arriving at 9:00 AM, so I can reach Warsaw but not continue to Katowice.

Perhaps we could try taking the train and meeting later on Tuesday? Alternatively, Thursday... Continue reading "Travel Essentials: Airport Procedures, Communication & Vocabulary" »

Health and Illness Vocabulary

Symptoms and Conditions

• To have: a cough, a headache, a rash, a temperature, sunburn, a sore throat, diarrhea, a blister, a cold, flu.
• To be: sneezing.
• Other conditions: Her ankle is swollen, her back hurts, her finger is bleeding, to feel sick, fainted ( = desmayado), to feel dizzy.
• Serious conditions: To be unconscious, he had an allergic reaction, twisted his ankle, he has high or low blood pressure, food poisoning, choking, burnt.

Treatments and Actions

• Take antibiotics, painkillers.
• For a twisted ankle: Put ice on it and bandage it.
• For an allergic reaction: Take antihistamine tablets.

Phrasal Verbs (Health)

• Get over, come around, lie down.
• Pass out ( = faint = desmayarse).

Clothes and Fashion

Adjectives

• Trendy, stylish,

Essential English Expressions & Collocations

Common Travel Idioms

• To get/be off the beaten track: to be in a place far away from the city or popular tourist areas.
• To rough it: to live without the comforts of modern life.
• To get by on a shoestring budget: to survive with a very limited budget.
• To end up spending a fortune: to spend a lot of money.
• To be a culture vulture: to enjoy art and culture.
• To get back to nature: to live in a simple way, close to the natural environment.
• To be in the lap of luxury: to live in a very comfortable and expensive condition.

Collocations with 'Traveler'

• Frequent traveler: someone who travels often.
• Independent traveler: a traveler who hasn't booked a package tour.
• Seasoned traveler: an experienced traveler.
• Intrepid

Contraception

Contraception for women who are breastfeeding
- A mother should not wait until the return of their menstrual period
1) regular intervals between breastfeedings (4 hours during day and 6 hours during night)
2) supplemental food 5%
3) for 6 months postpartum, when a woman doesn’t have menstruation
- condoms and spermicides can be used immediately
- intrauterine device can be inserted within the first 48 hours postpartum
- progesteron-only pills: 21 days postpartum, do not have any adverse effects on milk volume
- combined oral contraception: from 6 weeks, but it has adverse effect on milk volume- Contraception for overweight women- Overweight doesn't influence on the effectiveness of contraception. - Overweight increases the risk of... Continue reading "Contraception and Sexual Health Guidelines" »

Secondary Infertility: Diagnosis and Management

Understanding Secondary Infertility

Secondary infertility is the inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term after having had a successful pregnancy in the past.

Patient History (Hx)

• Obstetric History: Parity, Deliveries, Live births, Deaths (P/D/L/D)
• Sexual Activity: Regularity of intercourse
• Gynecological Diseases: History of relevant conditions
• Medications: Current and past drug use
• Lifestyle Factors: Smoking status

Key Contributing Factors

• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Can lead to tubal damage.
• Appendicitis: May result in peritonitis and subsequent adhesions.
• Previous Surgeries: Can cause adhesions affecting fertility.
• Smoking: Associated with reduced fertility and increased risk of Sexually