Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Gastroenterology

Abdominal Quadrants

Key organs located within the four main abdominal quadrants:

• Upper Right (URQ): Liver, Gallbladder
• Upper Left (ULQ): Stomach, Spleen, Pancreas
• Lower Right (LRQ): Appendix, Ascending Colon
• Lower Left (LLQ): Descending and Sigmoid Colon

Gastrointestinal Infections

• Bacterial Infections (e.g., E. coli, Salmonella): Typically characterized by a quicker onset and shorter duration.
• Viral Infections: Generally have a slower onset and longer duration.

Upper GI Disorders

Dyspepsia (Indigestion)

Irritation of the upper GI tract, often presenting as heartburn or a retrosternal burning sensation.

Contributing Factors: Medications, alcohol, caffeine, spicy food, obesity.

Treatment (Rx): Dietary changes, medications.

Gastroesophageal

Vocabulary and Phrasal Verbs

• Alias: A different name that somebody uses instead of their real name.
• Pick up: To notice something that is not very obvious or to lift something.
• Upset: Sad, worried, or angry about something.
• Turn off: Apagar.
• Turn on: Encender.
• Plug in: Enchufar.
• Shut down: Apagar.

Financial Terms

• A loan: Un préstamo.
• A savings account: Una cuenta de ahorros.
• Owe: Deber algo.
• Take out a loan: Pedir un préstamo.
• Debt: Deuda.
• Purse: Monedero.
• Branch: An office representing a large company.
• Charity: An organisation that gives money and help to people who need it.
• Founder: Someone who starts an organisation.
• Fake: Made to look like something else.
• Ethical: Considered to be right.

Usage Examples

• Do you think you can lend me money?
• I am thinking of borrowing

Trichomoniasis

Caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis parasite.

Signs and Symptoms

• Men: Most men do not have signs or symptoms. Some may experience temporary irritation inside the penis, mild discharge, or slight burning after urination or ejaculation.
• Women: Symptoms include a frothy, yellow-green vaginal discharge with a strong fishy odor. The infection may also cause discomfort during intercourse and urination, as well as irritation and itching of the genital area.

The genital inflammation caused by trichomoniasis can increase a woman’s susceptibility to HIV infection if exposed to the virus.

Treatment

The antibiotic Metronidazole is used. Symptoms in infected men may disappear within a few weeks without treatment.

Candidiasis

Caused by... Continue reading "Common Genital Infections: Symptoms and Treatments" »

Common Phrases

Dare: Be brave enough (atrevir-se)

Get Paid Peanuts: Get a small sum of money (guanyar poc)

Get Sacked: To be dismissed (fer fora de la feina)

Make a Living: Earn enough money to live (guanyar-se la vida)

Regardless: Without taking into account (sense tenir en compte)

Run an Errand: Make a short trip for a specific purpose (fer gestions)

Run Short Of: Not have much left (quedar-se sense/esgotar)

Sort: Order/tidy (ordenar)

Suburbs: Residential communities outside the city (Barris residencials)

Take for Granted: Fail to appreciate (no donar prou importància)

Take Your Time: Don’t rush (no tinguis pressa/pren-te el teu temps)

Background: Origin (origen)

Be in Someone’s Corner: Support someone (recolzar)

Be on the Ball: Be aware of/attentive... Continue reading "Essential English Phrases and Idioms" »

Vocabulary for Conflict and War

Opposites and Antonyms

• Allies vs. Enemies
• Arm vs. Disarm
• Civilian vs. Military
• Defeat vs. Victory
• Defend vs. Attack
• Withdraw vs. Advance
• Occupy vs. Liberate
• Release vs. Capture

Key Conflict Terms

• Coalition: A combination of an alliance.
• Insurgents: Rebels or revolutionaries.
• Mass destruction: Weapons capable of high-scale damage.
• Security: Protection and safety measures.
• Suicide bombs: Explosive attacks carried out by individuals.
• Troops: Organized military forces.
• Violation: An act of breaking a law or agreement.
• Weapons inspectors: Officials who verify disarmament.

Action Collocations in Conflict

• Make a breakthrough
• Launch an attack
• Break the stalemate
• Give orders
• Put up resistance
• Suffer casualties
• Inflict losses
• Call up reinforcements
• Grind

Grammar Unit 3

A new form of treatment is being tested by scientists.

No major company has cloned a human being yet.

The plane was invented by two American brothers.

She must have been given the wrong medicine. That’s why she looks so ill.

Nobody had carried out such a complicated operation before.

The students were being told to evacuate the building when we got there.

The hotel will have served dinner by now. We’ve missed it.

Rewrite the sentences in the passive form. Omit the agent.

Researchers have discovered a new cure for cancer. A NEW CURE FOR CANCER HAS BEEN DISCOVERED.

Someone must clean all the equipment after every experiment. ALL THE EQUIPMENT MUST BE CLEANED AFTER EVERY EXPERIMENT.

Someone is showing the researchers around the lab. THE... Continue reading "Grammar Unit 3: Passive Voice and Sentence Transformation" »

English Conditionals: Zero to Third

Zero conditional: If / when / unless + Present Simple → Present Simple or a modal verb. Expresses situations that are always true (situations that are always/generally true).

First conditional: If / unless + Present Simple → Future simple (will), imperative, or modal verb. Expresses what will happen if the condition is met.

Second conditional: If / unless + Past Simple → would / could / might + base form. Expresses hypothetical conditions referring to the present or the future (unlikely to happen).

Third conditional: If + Past Perfect Simple → would have / could have / might have + past participle. Expresses a condition that is impossible because it refers to the past.

Wish Clauses

• wish / if only + Past

Essential English Vocabulary

Family and Relationships

• Bond: lazo, vínculo
• Brother-in-law: cuñado
• Cousin: primo
• Great-grandfather: bisabuelo
• Nephew: sobrino
• Niece: sobrina
• Referee: árbitro
• Relative: pariente, familiar
• Sibling: hermano/a
• Spouse: cónyuge
• Widow: viuda
• Only child: hijo único

Common Verbs and Actions

• Bury: enterrar
• Cheer: animar
• Fake: fingir
• Flee: huir, fugarse
• Inherit: heredar
• Nod: asentir con la cabeza
• Raise: criar
• Overhear: oír (por casualidad)

Adjectives and Personal Traits

• Engaged: prometido/a
• Grateful: agradecido/a
• Jealous: celoso/a
• Pregnant: embarazada
• Single: soltero/a
• Self-centered: egocéntrico

Phrasal Verbs and Useful Expressions

• Break up: romper, separarse
• Fight back: defenderse, contraatacar
• Get along: llevarse bien
• Grow apart: distanciarse
• Live

Procurement: Adquirir

Stuff: Cosas

Staff: Personal

Stuffed: Relleno de

Parcels: Paquetes

Warehouse: Depósito

Freight Forward: Flete especializado

Tare Weight: Peso de tara

Internal Length: Longitud interna

Internal Height: Altura interna

Payload: Carga útil

Width: Anchura

Gross Weight: Peso bruto

Foreign Currency: Moneda extranjera

Overseas Markets: Mercados internacionales

Subsidiaries: Filiales

Exchange rate: Tasa de cambio

Diferencias entre active and passive voice:

Active: We use this room for our guests

Passive: This room is used for our guests

Active: Nikon makes the best cameras

Passive: The best cameras are made by Nikon

Must, Mustn't and Needn't

A) If/we/you/they/he/she/it + must

B) Use must when you think it is necessary to do something. Ejemplo: The windows... Continue reading "Procurement and Stuff: Understanding Terms and Grammar" »