Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

The Renal System

The renal system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Its primary functions are to filter the blood, regulate body fluids, and eliminate metabolic waste from the blood. The kidneys specifically remove waste products and excess water from the blood and regulate electrolyte levels.

Renal and Urogenital Signs and Symptoms

Common signs and symptoms related to the renal and urogenital systems include:

• Hematuria (blood in urine)
• Changes in urinary habits (frequency, urgency, volume)
• Hypertension
• Anemia (decrease in red blood cells)
• Discharges
• Sexual dysfunction
• Menstrual irregularities

Pain Patterns

Pain patterns can help indicate the affected area within the renal system:

• Kidneys: Pain is typically ipsilateral (on the same side)

Kidney Function and Failure

Functions:

• Clean the blood and remove extra fluid
• Keep your body chemicals in balance
• Filter out waste products
• Control blood pressure and red blood cell production

Kidney Failure:

Occurs when kidneys stop working or when their function is less than 15%. This results in a build-up of fluid and chemical wastes, which is life-threatening unless treated by dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Uremia

Uremia occurs when waste products build up in the blood. Symptoms include:

• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Headache
• Itching

Treatment Options for Kidney Failure

Patients with kidney failure have several treatment options:

• Diet and fluid management
• Kidney transplantation
• Medications
• Kidney dialysis
• Non-treatment (palliative care)

Hemodialysis

In... Continue reading "Kidney Failure and Treatment Options" »

Lickwood Means Rewind, a Gunshot Means Forward

You Requested It So We Rewind

Yeah
Way, way, way up
Turn it all up
Yeah
Look

I got enemies, got a lot of enemies
Got a lot of people tryin' to drain me of my energy
They tryin' to take the wave from a nigga
Fuckin' with the kid and pray for your nigga

I got girls in real life tryin' to mess up my day
Fuck goin' online that ain't part of my day
I got real shit poppin' with my family too
I got niggas that can never leave Canada too
I got 2 mortgages, thirty million in total
I got niggas that'll still try fuckin' me over
I got rap niggas that I gotta act like I like
But my actin' days are over, fuck them niggas for life, yeah

I got enemies, got a lot of enemies
Got a lot of people tryin' to drain me of... Continue reading "Drake Enemies Lyrics: Decoding the Meaning" »

Ergogenics

Pharmaceuticals (AAS, hgh, stimulants, betablockers) nutritionals (amino acids, creatine, vitamins) methods (hyperbaric or hypobaric chambers, blood doping, supplemental O2)

WADA

Primary governing body for international sport banned substances enhance performance, endanger health, contrary to sport if u have two of these its banned)

Substance S1

Most common drug test

Anabolic Steroid

Associated with protein building in skeletal muscle or bone

Androgenic

Associated with masculinization

Steroid

Hormonal substance with basic chemical structure

Testosterone

C-19 steroid hormone derivative of cholesterol. Key endogenous (body makes) androgen. Levels vary: males 2.5-11mg, females 0.25mg

AAS Legally

Schedule III category prohibited until 1974

AAS Chemically

Synthetic... Continue reading "Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods in Sports" »

Examine=monitor, verify, control

Overall=total

Controversial=polemical, contradictory

Unclear=confusing

Assessment=evaluation

Crucial=important, main, essential, vital

Management=administration

Older=senior Ageing=elder

Daily=habitual, everyday

Expenditure=consumption, intake

Actual=real

Actually=really, indeed

At present=currently, today

Provide=supply, give

Whether=if

Encourage=stimulate, incentivize

Portion=serving, piece of...

Develop=grow

Development=growth

Prohibit=ban, forbid

Research=investigation

Researcher=investigator

Thus=in this way

Focus=center

Increasing=rising

In the week=following days

Prohibited=banned

Encouraged=incentivized

Diary=routine

Rise=increase

Result=consequence

Burden=weight

Present=current

Unclear=confusing

Frequency=... Continue reading "Improve Your Vocabulary with Synonyms and Definitions" »

Medical Terminology

Common Terms and Their Equivalents

• Up to: Until
• Children: Infants
• In relation to: Relative to
• Scarce: Not enough, insufficient
• Outcomes: Results, findings
• Score: Grades
• Result did not differ: There were not different outcomes
• Ethnicity: Ethnic group
• Requirements: Needs
• Effects: Consequences
• Early life: Babies, previous life
• Study: Investigation, research, test
• Examine: Monitor, check
• Type: Categories
• Applied: Incorporated, measured
• Modeled: Designed
• Information: Data
• Gestational age: Pregnancy
• Feature: Characteristics
• Disturbance: Disorder
• Behavior: Conduct
• Restricted: Limited
• Display: Show
• Restraint: Restricted
• Weight gain: Weight increase
• Model of overweight: Pattern of overweight
• Concern: Worried
• Food addiction: Food dependence
• Findings: Results
• In

Prepositions

• Blessed with
• Responsible for the damage
• Connect with long-lost
• Sympathized with
• Recover from a broken heart
• Contributes to most

Phrasal Verbs

• Settle down: To establish oneself, to set down roots
• Handed down: To inherit
• Brought about: To cause, to provoke
• Open up: To be sincere
• Wind down: To relax
• Broke up: To break up, to end a relationship
• Fall apart: To collapse
• Fell for: To fall in love with

Word Formation

• Fashionable: Unfashionable
• Thrill: Thrilling
• Essence: Essential
• Pursue: Pursuit
• Exact: Exactly
• Concentrate: Concentration
• Know: Knowledge
• Satisfy: Satisfaction
• Value: Valuable
• Price: Priceless

Hobbies

• Go: Dancing, Fishing, Hiking, Climbing
• Do: Swimming, Crossword puzzles, Extreme sports, Hiking, Model Making, Photography, Stamp collecting, T’ai chi
• Play:

Soft Drinks and Pet Ownership

Soft Drinks

A soft drink is a beverage that is not alcoholic and is usually carbonated, such as Coca-Cola.

Pet Ownership

To own a pet means to have or hold a pet.

Financial Terms and Actions

Having a Tattoo

This section seems unrelated to finances. Consider moving it to a more appropriate section.

Applying for a Passport

To apply for something, such as a passport, means to formally ask for it.

Withdrawing Money

To withdraw money means to take money from a place of deposit.

Savings Account

A savings account is an amount of money deposited in a bank.

Making a Will

To make a will means to create a legal document that states what will happen to one's possessions or property after one's death.

Holding a License

To hold a license means... Continue reading "Essential English Vocabulary: Everyday Life, Finances, and More" »

Student Language Proficiency & Personal Narratives

Assessment Results: Language & Comprehension

Assessment Set 1

Listening: (d, b, c, c)
Use of Language: (b, c, d, b, a, c, a, c, b, b)
Reading: (b, c, d, a, d)

Assessment Set 2

Listening: (c, b, d, c)
Use of Language: (c, c, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, a)
Reading: (c, a, b, c, c)

Assessment Set 3

Listening: (b, a, b, b)
Use of Language: (a, c, b, c, b, b, c, d, d, c, b)
Reading: (d, a, e, b, c)

Student Writing Samples

Writing Sample 1: Summer Vacation

Last summer vacation, I went to the beach with my family. They came from another town. We went to Mahahual, in Quintana Roo. It's a magical and very natural place. Because I practice kiteboarding, I enjoyed my favorite sport there. We only spent one night in... Continue reading "Student Language Proficiency: Writing & Comprehension Samples" »

Dear Head of the City Council,

I am writing to express my thoughts and concerns regarding the proposed new hotel being built in our area, specifically its close proximity to the bird sanctuary. I appreciate the efforts to promote economic growth and development in our community, but I have concerns about the potential impact of the hotel on the bird sanctuary and its inhabitants.

Noise Pollution

Firstly, I am worried about the noise pollution that the hotel may cause. The noise generated by the construction and operation of the hotel could significantly impact the bird sanctuary. This noise could disturb the peaceful environment required for bird breeding and nesting. Furthermore, the noise pollution could interfere with the migratory patterns... Continue reading "Protecting Our Bird Sanctuary: Concerns Regarding the Proposed Hotel Development" »