Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Fundamentals

Key Components of EBP

Clinical Expertise: The ability to use skills and past experience to rapidly identify each patient's unique health state and weigh potential interventions.

Research Evidence: Clinically relevant research into diagnostic tests, prognostic markers, and interventions.

Patient Characteristics: The unique preferences, concerns, and expectations of each patient, which must be integrated into decision-making.

Understanding Medical Paradigms

What is a Shift in Medical Paradigms?

A formal set of rules for interpreting clinical research must complement clinical training.

What are Insufficient Grounds for Clinical Decision-Making?

Intuition, unsystematic clinical experience, and pathophysiological... Continue reading "Evidence-Based Practice: Principles and Research Variables" »

Vocabulary and Grammar Essentials

General Vocabulary

Advertisements: anuncis publicitaris, articles: articles, audio: àudio, author: autor, autobiography: autobiografia; biography: biografía; bookshop: llibreria; campaign: campanya; cartoons: dibuixos animats; classic: un classic; comedy: comedia; comic book: comic; communication: comunicació; cookbook: llibre de cuina; detective fiction: novela policiaca; dictionary: diccionari; digital version: versio digital; e-book: llibre electronic; essay: assaig; fable: faula; fiction: ficcio; headlines: titulars; horror story: historia de terror; ingredients: ingredients; library: biblioteca; magazine: revista; maps: mapes; mystery: misteri; newspaper: diari; novel: novela; places to stay: jocs per... Continue reading "Vocabulary and Grammar Essentials for Language Learners" »

If a patient has a family history of cardiovascular disease and is concerned about his own level of risk, the most useful measurements would be serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels

If gangrene develops in a patient's foot and the patient is found to have high blood lipid levels, he or she probably has peripheral artery disease.

If a patient has a thrombosis in a cerebral artery, he or she would experience a stroke.

A patient who would be likely to have elevated serum triglyceride levels is a(n) overweight man who drinks three alcoholic beverages a day.

The primary goal of therapy to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease is to lower serum levels of _____ cholesterol. LDL

In a 55-year-old woman, an LDL cholesterol

issues(problemes): performance(rendiment), assessment(avaluacio), rehydratation strategies, sex, sweating rate. -- increase risk: initiate dehyated, multiple training, diuretics

The 27 Club is the title used to refer to artists who have died at age 27, usually due to suicides, murders, or drug abuse, including Kurt Cobain, Amy Winehouse, Jim Morrison, and Jimi Hendrix, among several other artists.

Recently, in 2017, another phenomenon started; some have begun referring to the Club of 21. This term was first used in the song "Legends" by Juice WRLD, in which he narrates his fear of reaching that age, stating that he has become paranoid because many rappers are dying young—coincidentally, those who are called legendary.

Fear of Premature Death in Music

In these lines, he explains that he does not find an answer to the deaths of these rappers who die very young and whose deaths occur unexpectedly.

Drug Abuse and Unexpected

Common English Idioms and Phrases

Here are some of the most common English idioms and phrases that will enrich your English vocabulary and make you sound like a native speaker.

1. ‘The Best of Both Worlds’

Means you can enjoy two different opportunities at the same time.

Example: “By working part-time and looking after her kids two days a week she managed to get the best of both worlds.”

2. ‘Speak of the Devil’

This means that the person you’re just talking about actually appears at that moment.

Example: “Hi Tom, speak of the devil, I was just telling Sara about your new car.”

3. ‘See Eye to Eye’

This means agreeing with someone.

Example: “They finally saw eye to eye on the business deal.”

4. ‘Once in a Blue Moon’

An event... Continue reading "25 Common English Idioms and Phrases to Sound Like a Native" »

Endocrine System Overview

Key glands involved in the endocrine system include:

• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary gland
• Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
• Adrenal glands
• Pancreas
• Testes (in males)
• Ovaries (in females)

Hormone Types and Examples

Steroid Hormones

Produced by:

• Testes and Ovaries (e.g., testosterone, estrogen)
• Adrenal Cortex (e.g., cortisol)

Polypeptide Hormones

Produced by:

• Pituitary Gland (e.g., Human Growth Hormone - HGH, Luteinizing Hormone - LH)
• Pancreas (e.g., insulin)
• Hypothalamus (e.g., Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone - GHRH)

Amino Acid-Derived Hormones

Produced by:

• Adrenal Medulla (e.g., epinephrine)
• Thyroid Gland (e.g., thyroxine)

Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 Diabetes

Cause: The pancreas fails to produce insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Signs &

Essential Health and Medical Terminology

General Health States

• Health: A good natural condition of the body.
• Ill: Not in good health; sick (Spanish: *no encontrarse bien*).
• Disease: (Spanish: *enfermedad*) A more or less serious disorder of the body.
• Ailment: (Spanish: *achaque*) An illness.

Experiencing Illness and Pain

Symptoms and Conditions

• Suffer: (Spanish: *sufrir*) To experience, especially over a long period of time.
• Fall ill: (Spanish: *caer enfermo*) To become ill.
• Pain: A feeling in a particular part of the body.
• Ache: A continuous pain.
• Hurt: (Spanish: *herir*) To cause pain of any kind; to damage.
• Sore throat: Pain in the throat.
• Headache: Pain in the head.

Specific Ailments and Incidents

• Breakdown: (Spanish: *colapso*) A loss of mental health

Unit 9: Shopping and Finance

Key Vocabulary

• Financial terms: Discount, cash, owe, borrow, can afford, charge, cost, earn, get paid, be worth, own, pay back, save, spend, waste, lend.
• Shopping terms: Shopping centre, queue, receipt, till, bargain, changing room, the sales, refund, window shopping, department store.

Shopping Phrases

• Pay by credit card / Pay with cash
• Return / Exchange
• Fit me / Try on these shoes
• Order / Deliver

Grammar: Used To

• Affirmative: I used to like reggae music when I was a teenager.
• Negative: He didn't use to be as rich as he is now.
• Interrogative: Did you use to go to the beach every day when you lived in Greece?
• Short Answers: Yes, I did / No, I didn't.

The Passive Voice

In the passive voice, the object becomes the subject.

Present

A healthy lifestyle means maintaining a balanced and nutritious diet as well as engaging in sports or other fitness-related activities. A healthy diet alone, however, is inadequate to ensure a healthy body as physical activity helps to keep one in shape and free of sickness and disease. Also, having a healthy life means being mentally well and not being stressed.

I think everyone should start a healthy lifestyle at a young age. Parents must urge their children to eat more vegetables, fruits, juices, wholemeal, and wholegrain foods. Many parents, due to time constraints, usually find the easy way out by cooking two-minute noodles or heading towards the nearest fast-food joint for a quick meal. They do not realize, however, that this sets the... Continue reading "Tips for Starting a Healthy Lifestyle at a Young Age" »