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Understanding Information Systems and Technology

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Chapter 1

- Information systems today are ubiquitous

- Where data are raw unformatted symbols or lists of words or numbers, information is data that has been organized in a form that is useful.
-Information systems are described as the combination of people and information technology that create, collect, process, store, and distribute useful data.
- Other terms that can be used to represent the knowledge society include all of them
- Which of the following was not discussed as a common type or category of information system used in organizations? Web graphics
-What is meant by BYOD? The use of personal devices and applications for work-related purposes
-A website asking for your permission to send you a weekly newsletter is an example of opt-in
-
... Continue reading "Understanding Information Systems and Technology" »
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Advanced Inference Techniques in AI and Machine Learning

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Bayesian Probability and Conditional Independence

The foundation of conditional probability is defined by Bayes' Rule:

$$P(A|B) = \frac{P(A, B)}{P(B)}$$

The notation $X \perp Y$ signifies that events $X$ and $Y$ are independent.

Applying Conditional Independence

When calculating the probability of a cause ($C$) given multiple effects ($M_1, M_2$), assuming $M_1$ and $M_2$ are conditionally independent given $C$:

$$P(C|M_1, M_2) = \frac{P(M_1, M_2|C)P(C)}{P(M_1, M_2)} = \frac{P(M_1|C)P(M_2|C)P(C)}{P(M_1, M_2)}$$

Example Calculation:

  • Numerator: $P(M_1|C)P(M_2|C)P(C) = (0.8)(0.8)(0.01) = 0.0064$
  • Denominator (Law of Total Probability): $P(M_1, M_2) = P(M_1, M_2|C)P(C) + P(M_1, M_2|\neg C)P(\neg C)$
  • Assuming conditional independence for $\neg C$: $P(M_1,
... Continue reading "Advanced Inference Techniques in AI and Machine Learning" »
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Probability and Statistics Problems with Solutions

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1) If a toy company is planning to introduce 3 new toys next Christmas. The toys sales can be a success or a failure, what is the probability that at least 2 of the toys are a success?

FFF FFS FSF FSS 4/8 = ½ = 0.5

S SFF SFS SSF SSS

For problems 2 and 3: a guitar manufacturer has an average daily production of 60 units, with a standard deviation of 7 units per day. If the guitar production distribution is mound shape:

2) What percentage of days in a month will have a daily production between 53 and 74 units?

53

3) What percentage of days in a month will have a daily production of more than 67 units?

x>67 = 16%

4) A combination lock system has three ten-digit (0 to 9) number wheels side by side. How many four-digit opening numbers are possible if... Continue reading "Probability and Statistics Problems with Solutions" »

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Concept of education

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unit 14.WORKING WITH THE TEXT

1.‐ Niamh is the student participating in the Erasmus pro

2.‐ a.‐ “we should all apply for it.” Recommendation that

all students apply for the Erasmus project b.‐ “we all

were still grateful” they were grateful despite not getting

what they wanted. C.‐ “After filling out papers and

forms” Completing the paperwork for the project

d.‐ “I would like to set up” she wants to begin the

creation of something. E.‐ “regardless of studying

Spanish for a year.” Despite studying Spanish during one

year she knew none. 3.‐ a.‐ It was good to know

someone spoke English. B.‐ They took him to the local

farm. C.‐ Because she gained experience and that would

be useful in the future.

VOCABULARY a.‐ English... Continue reading "Concept of education" »

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Análisis Comparativo: Planificación de Producción y Costos

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Escenario 1: Proyección Inicial

ConceptoEneroFebreroMarzoAbrilMayoJunioTotal
Plan de Producción y Unidades
Proyección (Unidades)40002000700020003000600024000
Salida Real (Unidades)xxxxxxx
Producción Normal (Unidades)40004000400040004000400024000
Producción Sobretiempo (Unidades)xxxxxxx
Producción Subcontrato (Unidades)xxxxxxx
Balance (Salida Real - Proyección)02000(3000)20001000(2000)0
Gestión de Inventario y Backlog (Unidades)
Inventario Inicial (Unidades)002000010002000
Inventario Final (Unidades)020000100020000
Inventario Promedio (Unidades)Promedio = 0Promedio = 1000Promedio = 1000Promedio = 500Promedio = 1500Promedio = 1000
Backlog (Unidades Pendientes)1000
Análisis de Costos (€)
Costo Producción Normal40.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.000240.
... Continue reading "Análisis Comparativo: Planificación de Producción y Costos" »
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Blood test "solt

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Write your tLecture 1

Descriptive statistics: Describe and summarize the data from the sample.

Probability models describe a model For the population which can be used to make probability statements about what Can be seen in the sample.

Statistical Inference goes in the Other direction. It uses the data in the sample to make inference about Features of  the population with Associated confidence and/or error bounds.

SPSS: Rows are subjects/units which are also Referred to as cases.

Columns are Things which are being measured on the cases. These are called variables.

Examples:

Obtaining Frequency tables:

Analyze -> Descriptive Stats -> Frequencies

Bar Graph: Graphs -> Legacy Dialog -> Bars -> Simple -> Category Axis (zyg)

Pie Chart:... Continue reading "Blood test "solt" »

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Financial Instrument Valuation and Market Analysis

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Bond and Stock Valuation Fundamentals

Taxable Equivalent Yield for Bonds

Question: If you can purchase a municipal bond which returns 5.6% and you are in the 25% tax bracket, what rate of return would you require on a corporate bond?

Key Concepts:

  • Municipal bonds are generally tax-exempt at the federal level and often at the state and local levels if issued within your state of residence.
  • Corporate bonds are typically subject to federal, state, and local income taxes.

Formula:

Taxable Equivalent Yield (TEY) = Municipal Rate / (1 - Tax Rate)

Calculation:

TEY = 5.6% / (1 - 25%)

TEY = 5.6% / 0.75

Result: 7.47%

Gamemasters Stock Valuation (Gordon Growth Model)

Question: Analysts have forecasted Gamemasters will grow at a rate of 8% into the future. Gamemasters

... Continue reading "Financial Instrument Valuation and Market Analysis" »

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Introduction to Statistics

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Statistics: The Science of Organizing Data

Statistics is the science of organizing data to draw conclusions or answer questions.

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics describe data through numerical summaries and graphs.

Variables

Variables are characteristics of individuals within the population.

Discrete and Continuous Variables

Discrete variables are counted, while continuous variables are measured.

Nominal and Ordinal Variables

Nominal variables are named, while ordinal variables are ranked or ordered.

Interval and Ratio Variables

Interval variables have no meaningful zero and equal intervals between values, while ratio variables have a meaningful zero.

Types of Variables in a Study

The response variable is what is being studied, the explanatory... Continue reading "Introduction to Statistics" »

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Financial and Space Vocabulary: Key Terms & Phrases

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Financial Terms

  • Save up: Ahorrar
  • Borrow: Pedir prestado
  • Credit card: Tarjeta de crédito
  • Instalments: Plazos
  • On direct debit: Cargo en cuenta
  • Inherit: Heredar
  • Heir: Heredero
  • Treat yourself: Darte un capricho
  • Invest wisely: Invertir sabiamente
  • Donate to charity: Donar
  • Hand sth over to someone: Entregar algo a alguien
  • A £50 note: Billete de 50 libras
  • Being successful and having lots of money: Prosperity
  • When you spend more money than you have in your bank account: Overdraft
  • When a business's costs and their profits are the same: Break even
  • Legally declared as unable to pay one's debts: Bankrupt
  • Wealthy: Affluent
  • Items of value owned by a person or business: Assets
  • To waste money: Squander
  • Total amount spent: Expenditure
  • Not worth what you paid: Rip-off
  • Profitable:
... Continue reading "Financial and Space Vocabulary: Key Terms & Phrases" »
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Vocabulary Builder: 35 Essential Words with Definitions

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Vocabulary Builder: 35 Essential Words

A

1. Agonized

Manifesting, suffering, or characterized by great physical or mental pain.

2. Ample

Large and accommodating.

3. Assent

The expression of approval or agreement.

B

4. Befall

(Of something bad) happen to someone.

C

5. Chariots

A two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle used in ancient warfare and racing.

6. Conceive

Become pregnant with (a child). Form or devise (a plan or idea) in the mind.

7. Cordial

Friendly, warm.

D

8. Dews

Moisture condensed from the atmosphere, especially at night, and deposited in the form of small drops upon any cool surface.

9. Divine

Of, from, or like God or a god.

10. Doe

Female deer.

F

11. Foe

An enemy or opponent.

G

12. Gossamer

Used to refer to something very light, thin, and insubstantial or delicate.... Continue reading "Vocabulary Builder: 35 Essential Words with Definitions" »

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